雅思阅读历史与发展类1.docx
- 文档编号:11545718
- 上传时间:2023-03-19
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:10
- 大小:53.15KB
雅思阅读历史与发展类1.docx
《雅思阅读历史与发展类1.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《雅思阅读历史与发展类1.docx(10页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
雅思阅读历史与发展类1
历史与发展类
1.TheDevelopmentofMuseums
ReadingPassage3hassixparagraphs, A—F.
Choosethecorrectheadingforparagraphs B—E fromthelistofheadingsbelow.
Writethecorrectnumber, i—vii, inboxes27—30onyouranswersheet.
【A】Theconvictionthathistoricalrelicsprovideinfallibletestimonyaboutthepastisrootedinthenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies,whensciencewasregardedasobjectiveandvaluefree.Asonewriterobserves:
‘Althoughitisnowevidentthatartefactsareaseasilyalteredaschronicles,publicfaithintheirveracityendures:
atangiblerelicseemsipsofactoreal’.Suchconvictionwas,untilrecently,reflectedinmuseumdisplays.Museumsusedtolook—andsomestilldo—muchlikestorageroomsofobjectspackedtogetherinshowcases:
goodforscholarswhowantedtostudythesubtledifferencesindesign,butnotfortheordinaryvisitor,towhomitalllookedalike.Similarly,theinformationaccompanyingtheobjectsoftenmadelittlesensetothelayvisitor.Thecontentandformatofexplanationsdatedbacktoatimewhenthemuseumwastheexclusivedomainofthescientificresearcher.
【B】Recently,however,attitudestowardshistoryandthewayitshouldbepresentedhavealtered.Thekeywordinheritagedisplayisnow‘experience’,themoreexcitingthebetterand,ifpossible,involvingallthesenses.GoodexamplesofthisapproachintheUKaretheJorvikCentreinYork;theNationalMuseumofPhotography,FilmandTelevisioninBradford;andtheImperialWarMuseuminLondon.IntheUSthetrendemergedmuchearlier:
Williamsburghasbeenaprototypeformanyheritagedevelopmentsinotherpartsoftheworld.Noonecanpredictwheretheprocesswillend.Onso-calledheritagesitesthere-enactmentofhistoricaleventsisincreasinglypopular,andcomputerswillsoonprovidevirtualrealityexperiences,whichwillpresentvisitorswithavividimageoftheperiodoftheirchoice,inwhichtheythemselvescanactasifpartofthehistoricalenvironment.Suchdevelopmentshavebeencriticizedasanintolerablevulgarization,butthesuccessofmanyhistoricalthemeparksandsimilarlocationssuggeststhatthemajorityofthepublicdoesnotsharethisopinion.
【C】Inarelateddevelopment,thesharpdistinctionbetweenmuseumandheritagesitesontheonehand,andthemeparksontheother,isgraduallyevaporating.Theyalreadyborrowideasandconceptsfromoneanother.Forexample,museumshaveadoptedstorylinesforexhibitions,siteshaveaccepted‘theming’asarelevanttool,andthemeparksaremovingtowardsmoreauthenticityandresearch-basedpresentations.Inzoos,animalsarenolongerkeptincages,butingreatspaces,eitherintheopenairorinenormousgreenhouses,suchasthejungleanddesertenvironmentsinBurgers’ZooinHolland.Thisparticulartrendisregardedasoneofthemajordevelopmentsinthepresentationofnaturalhistoryinthetwentiethcentury.
【D】Themeparksareundergoingotherchanges,too,astheytrytopresentmoreserioussocialandculturalissues,andmoveawayfromfantasy.Thisdevelopmentisaresponsetomarketforcesand,althoughmuseumsandheritagesiteshaveaspecial,ratherdistinct,roletofulfil,theyarealsooperatinginaverycompetitiveenvironment,wherevisitorsmakechoicesonhowandwheretospendtheirfreetime.Heritageandmuseumexpertsdonothavetoinventstoriesandrecreatehistoricalenvironmentstoattracttheirvisitors:
theirassetsarealreadyinplace.However,exhibitsmustbebothbasedonartefactsandfactsasweknowthem,andattractivelypresented.Thosewhoareprofessionallyengagedintheartofinterpretinghistoryarethusindifficultposition,astheymuststeeranarrowcoursebetweenthedemandsof‘evidence’and‘attractiveness’,especiallygiventheincreasingneedintheheritageindustryforincome-generatingactivities.
【E】Itcouldbeclaimedthatinordertomakeeverythinginheritagemore‘real’,historicalaccuracymustbeincreasinglyaltered.Forexample,PithecanthropuserectusisdepictedinanIndonesianmuseumwithMalayfacialfeatures,becausethiscorrespondstopublicperceptions.Similarly,intheMuseumofNaturalHistoryinWashington,Neanderthalmanisshownmakingadominantgesturetohiswife.Suchpresentationstellusmoreaboutcontemporaryperceptionsoftheworldthanaboutourancestors.Thereisonecompensation,however,fortheprofessionalswhomaketheseinterpretations:
iftheydidnotprovidetheinterpretation,visitorswoulddoitforthemselves,basedontheirownideas,misconceptionsandprejudices.Andnomatterhowexcitingtheresult,itwouldcontainalotmorebiasthanthepresentationsprovidedbyexperts.
【F】Humanbiasisinevitable,butanothersourceofbiasintherepresentationofhistoryhastodowiththetransitorynatureofthematerialsthemselves.Thesimplefactisthatnoteverythingfromhistorysurvivesthehistoricalprocess.Castles,palacesandcathedralshavealongerlifespanthanthedwellingsofordinarypeople.Thesameappliestothefurnishingandothercontentsofthepremises.InatownlikeLeydeninHolland,whichintheseventeenthcenturywasoccupiedbyapproximatelythesamenumberofinhabitantsastoday,peoplelivedwithinthewalledtown,anareamorethanfivetimessmallerthanmodernLeyden.Inmostofthehousesseveralfamilieslivedtogetherincircumstancesbeyondourimagination.Yetinmuseums,fineperiodroomsgiveonlyanimageofthelifestyleoftheupperclassofthatera.Nowonderthatpeoplewhostrollaroundexhibitionsarefilledwithnostalgia;theevidenceinmuseumsindicatesthatlifewassomuchbetterinpast.Thisnotionisinducedbythebiasinitsrepresentationinmuseumsandheritagecentres.
∙27 Paragraph B
∙28 Paragraph C
∙29 Paragraph D
∙30 Paragraph E
2.AChronicleofTimekeeping
Ourconceptionoftimedependsonthewaywemeasureit
ReadingPassage1haseightparagraphs, A-H.
Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?
Writethecorrectletter, A-H,inboxes1-4onyouranswersheet.
【A】Accordingtoarchaeologicalevidence,atleast5,000yearsago,andlongbeforetheadventoftheRomanEmpire,theBabyloniansbegantomeasuretime,introducingcalendarstoco-ordinatecommunalactivities,toplantheshipmentofgoodsand,inparticular,toregulateplantingandharvesting.Theybasedtheircalendarsonthreenaturalcycles:
thesolarday,markedbythesuccessiveperiodsoflightanddarknessastheearthrotatesonitsaxis;thelunarmonth,followingthephasesofthemoonasitorbitstheearth;andthesolaryear,definedbythechangingseasonsthataccompanyourplanet'srevolutionaroundthesun.
【B】Beforetheinventionofartificiallight,themoonhadgreatersocialimpact.And,forthoselivingneartheequatorinparticular,itswaxingandwaningwasmoreconspicuousthanthepassingoftheseasons.Hence,thecalendarsthatweredevelopedatthelowerlatitudeswereinfluencedmorebythelunarcyclethanbythesolaryear.Inmorenorthernclimes,however,whereseasonalagriculturewaspractised,thesolaryearbecamemorecrucial.AstheRomanEmpireexpandednorthward,itorganiseditsactivitychartforthemostpartaroundthesolaryear.
【C】CenturiesbeforetheRomanEmpire,theEgyptianshadformulatedamunicipalcalendarhaving12monthsof30days,withfivedaysaddedtoapproximatethesolaryear.Eachperiodoftendayswasmarkedbytheappearanceofspecialgroupsofstarscalleddecans.AttheriseofthestarSiriusjustbeforesunrise,whichoccurredaroundtheall-importantannualfloodingoftheNile,12decanscouldbeseenspanningtheheavens.ThecosmicsignificancetheEgyptiansplacedinthe12decansledthemtodevelopasysteminwhicheachintervalofdarkness(andlater,eachintervalofdaylight)wasdividedintoadozenequalparts.Theseperiodsbecameknownastemporalhoursbecausetheirdurationvariedaccordingtothechanginglengthofdaysandnightswiththepassingoftheseasons.Summerhourswerelong,winteronesshort;onlyatthespringandautumnequinoxeswerethehoursofdaylightanddarknessequal.Temporalhours,whichwerefirstadoptedbytheGreeksandthentheRomans,whodisseminatedthemthroughEurope,remainedinuseformorethan2,500years.
【D】Inordertotracktemporalhoursduringtheday,inventorscreatedsundials,whichindicatetimebythelengthordirectionofthesun'sshadow.Thesundial'scounterpart,thewaterclock,wasdesignedtomeasuretemporalhoursatnight.Oneofthefirstwaterclockswasabasinwithasmallholenearthebottomthroughwhichthewaterdrippedout.Thefallingwaterleveldenotedthepassinghourasitdippedbelowhourlinesinscribedontheinnersurface.AlthoughthesedevicesperformedsatisfactorilyaroundtheMediterranean,theycouldnotalwaysbedependedoninthecloudyandoftenfreezingweatherofnorthernEurope.
【E】Theadventofthemechanicalclockmeantthatalthoughitcouldbeadjustedtomaintaintemporalhours,itwasnaturallysuitedtokeepingequalones.Withthese,however,arosethequestionofwhentobegincounting,andso,intheearly14thcentury,anumberofsystemsevolved.Theschemesthatdividedthedayinto24equalpartsvariedaccordingtothestartofthecount:
Italianhoursbeganatsunset,Babylonianhoursatsunrise,astronomicalhoursatmiddayand'greatclock'hours,usedforsomelargepublicclocksinGermany,atmidnight.Eventuallytheseweresupersededby'smallclock',orFrench,hours,whichsplitthedayintotwo12-hourperiodscommencingatmidnight.
【F】Theearliestrecordedweight-drivenmechanicalclockwasbuiltin1283inBedfordshireinEngland.Therevolutionaryaspectofthisnew
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 雅思 阅读 历史 发展