Application of System Engineering in Design of Automobiles.docx
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Application of System Engineering in Design of Automobiles.docx
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ApplicationofSystemEngineeringinDesignofAutomobiles
ApplicationofSystemEngineeringinDesignofAutomobiles
Abstract
Sincethe1950s,thesystemtheorywasfounded,andturnedintoproductiveforce,peoplehavetriedtoapplytheideaofsystemengineeringtodifferentkindsofprojectsinourlife,andcreatedgreateconomicandsocialbenefits.Therearemanyexamplesabouttheapplicationsofsystemengineeringthoughts,suchastheAmericanApollomoonlandingprojectinwhichabout420thousandofpeople,120universitiesandinstitutesand20thousandcompaniesareinvolved.Systemsengineeringisanewscientificmethodology,itisaunificationofengineeringandwayofthinking,anewlogicalapproach.Systemengineeringopensupnewideasformodernscienceandtechnologyaswellasdifferentkindsofsocialpractices.Besides,itbreakstheboundariesbetweendifferentsciencesandreinforcesthelinkagesbetweenthem.Systemengineeringallowsustogetridoftheconstraintoftraditionalmethods,andhelpustofindthemosteffectivewayforsolvingthecoordinateddevelopmentofallsystems.Theoveralldesign,manufactureandsalesmanagementofautomobilescanbeseenasasystem,thereforestudyinghowtoapplytheideasofsystemengineeringtoautomotiveengineeringprojecthasagreatsignificance.
Keyword:
systemengineering,automobiledesign,application
1.Introduction
Systemengineeringisakindofengineeringtechnologywhichstudiesaboutbigsystemsanditisinvolvedwithtwoaspects,“system”and“engineering”.Ononehand,theconcept“system”ofsystemengineeringmeanstheorganicintegritywithsomespecialfunctions,andusuallyitismadeupofafewpartswhichinteractwitheachotheranddependoneachother.Ontheotherhand,theconcept“engineering”ofsystemengineeringconsistsofthedesignandmanufactureofhardware,aswellassomesoftwarecloselyrelatedtothedesignandmanufactureofhardware1.Forexample,forecasting,planning,analysis,decisionandevaluation,allofthesesocialeconomicactionproceduresbelongtosoftware2.Forthisreason,theorganicintegrationof“system”and“engineering”resultinthenewscience,thatissystemengineering.
Whenwemakeuseofsystemengineeringtosolveproblemsaboutplanning,design,manufacture,controllingandutilizationofbigsystems,notonlynaturalscienceandtechnicalscienceareused,butalsorefertosomeknowledgeofsociology,economicsandsoon.Itisakindoftechnologywhichtakesadvantageoftheoryofinformation,controltheory,bigsystemtheory,operationalresearchandsomemethodsofmodernengineeringtomanageandsolveproblemsofacertainsystem3.Thetypicalfeatureofthisnewkindoftechnologyisthatitisbasedontheideaofsystemscienceandmakesinformationtechnologyasoneofitstools.
Thegoalofsystemengineeringistoaffordasmuchinformationaspossibleforscientificmanagementaswellastoguideandcontrolthewholedevelopmentproject,andaccordinglyrealizetheglobaloptimizationofacertainsystem4.Systemengineeringisabletoforecasttheneedinthefutureonthebasisofengineeringpracticeatpresent.Inaddition,itisalsoabletomakeuseofnewthought,newtheory,newmethodandnewequipmenteffectivelyandorganicallyfrombeginningtoend.Thatistosay,systemengineeringoffersusamosteffectivewaytohelpusaccomplisheverylinkinapracticalengineeringinourdailylifeandwork5.
Tosumup,systemengineeringisakindofmethodologicalsubjectwhosecorethoughtisfromtheoverallprinciple,considertheproblempersistingonthewholebase,thewholesituationandthediscipline.What’smore,itisalsoakindofengineeringtechnologywhichaimstodealwiththeproblemsofcoordinationbetweenpartandentirety,usingmathematicsandcomputersastoolsandintegratinganalysisandsynthesisorganically.
2.DefinitionandProcedureofSystemEngineering
2.1DefinitionofaSystem
Asystemisaconstructorcollectionofdifferentelementsthattogetherproduceresultsnotobtainablebytheelementsalone.Theelements,orparts,canincludepeople,hardware,software,facilities,policies,anddocuments;thatis,allthingsrequiredtoproducesystems-levelresults.Theresultsincludesystemlevelqualities,properties,characteristics,functions,behaviorandperformance.Thevalueaddedbythesystemasawhole,beyondthatcontributedindependentlybytheparts,isprimarilycreatedbytherelationshipamongtheparts;thatis,howtheyareinterconnected.
2.2SystemEngineering
SystemEngineeringisanengineeringdisciplinewhoseresponsibilityiscreatingandexecutinganinterdisciplinaryprocesstoensurethatthecustomerandstakeholder'sneedsaresatisfiedinahighquality,trustworthy,costefficientandschedulecompliantmannerthroughoutasystem'sentirelifecycle.Thisprocessisusuallycomprisedofthefollowingseventasks:
Statetheproblem, Investigatealternatives, Modelthesystem, Integrate, Launchthesystem, Assessperformance,and Re-evaluate.ThesefunctionscanbesummarizedwiththeacronymSIMILAR:
State, Investigate, Model, Integrate,Launch, Assessand Re-evaluate.ThisSystemsEngineeringProcessisshowninFigure1.ItisimportanttonotethattheSystemsEngineeringProcessisnotsequential.Thefunctionsareperformedinaparallelanditerativemanner.
2.3StatetheProblem
Theproblemstatementstartswithadescriptionofthetop-levelfunctionsthatthesystemmustperform:
thismightbeintheformofamissionstatement,aconceptofoperationsoradescriptionofthedeficiencythatmustbeameliorated.Mostmandatoryandpreferencerequirementsshouldbetraceabletothisproblemstatement.Acceptablesystemsmustsatisfyallthemandatoryrequirements.Thepreferencerequirementsaretraded-offtofindthepreferredalternatives.Theproblemstatementshouldbeintermsof what mustbedone,not how todoit.Theproblemstatementshouldexpressthecustomerrequirementsinfunctionalorbehavioralterms.Itmightbecomposedinwordsorasamodel.Inputscomefromendusers,operators,maintainers,suppliers,acquirers,owners,regulatoryagencies,victims,sponsors,manufacturersandotherstakeholders.
2.4InvestigateAlternatives
Alternativedesignsarecreatedandareevaluatedbasedonperformance,schedule,costsandriskfiguresofmerit.Nodesignislikelytobebestonallfiguresofmerit,somulti-criteriadecision-aidingtechniquesshouldbeusedtorevealthepreferredalternatives.Thisanalysisshouldberedonewhenevermoredataareavailable.Forexample,figuresofmeritshouldbecomputedinitiallybasedonestimatesbythedesignengineers.Then,concurrently,modelsshouldbeconstructedandevaluated;simulationdatashouldbederived;andprototypesshouldbebuiltandmeasured.Finally,testsshouldberunontherealsystem.Alternativesshouldbejudgedforcomplianceofcapabilityagainstrequirements.Forthedesignofcomplexsystems,alternativedesignsreduceprojectrisk.Investigatinginnovativealternativeshelpsclarifytheproblemstatement.
2.5ModeltheSystem
Modelswillbedevelopedformostalternativedesigns.Themodelforthepreferredalternativewillbeexpandedandusedtohelpmanagethesystemthroughoutitsentirelifecycle.Manytypesofsystemmodelsareused,suchasphysicalanalogs,analyticequations,statemachines,blockdiagrams,functionalflowdiagrams,object-orientedmodels,computersimulationsandmentalmodels.SystemsEngineeringisresponsibleforcreatingaproductandalsoaprocessforproducingit.So,modelsshouldbeconstructedforboththeproductandtheprocess. Process modelsallowus,forexample,tostudyschedulingchanges,createdynamicPERTchartsandperformsensitivityanalysestoshowtheeffectsofdelayingoracceleratingcertainsubprojects.Runningtheprocessmodelsrevealsbottlenecksandfragmentedactivities,reducescostandexposesduplicationofeffort. Product modelshelpexplainthesystem.Thesemodelsarealsousedintradeoffstudiesandriskmanagement.
2.6Integration
Nomanisanisland.Systems,businessesandpeoplemustbeintegratedsothattheyinteractwithoneanother.Integrationmeansbringingthingstogethersotheyworkasawhole. Interfacesbetweensubsystemsmustbedesigned.Subsystemsshouldbedefinedalongnaturalboundaries.Subsystemsshouldbedefinedtominimizetheamountofinformationtobeexchangedbetweenthesubsystems.Well-designedsubsystemssendfinishedproductstoothersubsystems.Feedbackloopsaroundindividualsubsystemsareeasiertomanagethanfeedbackloopsaroundinterconnectedsubsystems.Processesofco-evolvingsystemsalsoneedtobeintegrated.Theconsequenceofintegrationisasystemthatisbuiltandoperatedusingefficientprocesses.
2.7LaunchtheSystem
Launchingthesystemmeansrunningthesystemandproducingoutputs.Inamanufacturingenvironmentthismightmeanbuyingcommercialofftheshelfhardwareorsoftware,oritmightmeanactuallymakingthings.Launchingthesystemmeansallowingthesystemdowhatitwasintendedtodo.Thisalsoincludesthesystemengineeringofdeployingmulti-site,multi-culturesystems.
Thisisthephasewherethepreferredalternativeisdesignedindetail;thepartsarebuiltorbought(COTS),thepartsareintegratedandtestedatvariouslevelsleadingtothecertifiedproduct.Inparallel,theprocessesnecessaryforthisaredeveloped–wherenecessary-andappliedsothattheproductcanbeproduced.Indesigningandproducingtheproduct,dueconsiderationisgiventoitsinterfaceswithoperators(humans,whowillneedtobetrained)andothersystemswithwhichtheproductwillinterface.Insomeinstance
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