51单片机英文及其翻译.docx
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51单片机英文及其翻译.docx
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51单片机英文及其翻译
英文翻译
原文:
51MicrocontrollerIntroduction
Microcontrollersbasiccomponentisacentralprocessingunit(CPUinthecomputingdeviceandcontroller),read-onlymemory(usuallyexpressedasaROM),read-writememory(alsoknownasRandomAccessMemoryMRAMisusuallyexpressedasaRAM),input/outputport(alsodividedintoparallelportandserialport,expressedasI/Oport),andsocomposed.Infactthereisalsoaclockcircuitmicrocontroller,sothatduringoperationandcontrolofthemicrocontroller,canrhythmicmanner.Inaddition,thereareso-called"breaksystem",thesystemisa"janitor"role,whenthemicrocontrollercontrolobjectparametersthatneedtobeinterventiontoreachaparticularstate,canafterthis"janitor"communicatedtotheCPU,sothatCPUprioritiesoftheexternaleventstotakeappropriatecounter-measures.
Microcontrollersareusedinamultitudeofcommercialapplicationssuchasmodems,motor-controlsystems,airconditionercontrolsystems,automotiveengineandamongothers.Thehighprocessingspeedandenhancedperipheralsetofthesemicrocontrollersmakethemsuitableforsuchhigh-speedevent-basedapplications.However,thesecriticalapplicationdomainsalsorequirethatthesemicrocontrollersarehighlyreliable.Thehighreliabilityandlowmarketriskscanbeensuredbyarobusttestingprocessandapropertoolsenvironmentforthevalidationofthesemicrocontrollersbothatthecomponentandatthesystemlevel.IntelPlatformEngineeringdepartmentdevelopedanobject-orientedmulti-threadedtestenvironmentforthevalidationofitsAT89C51automotivemicrocontrollers.ThegoalsofthisenvironmentwasnotonlytoprovidearobusttestingenvironmentfortheAT89C51automotivemicrocontrollers,buttodevelopanenvironmentwhichcanbeeasilyextendedandreusedforthevalidationofseveralotherfuturemicrocontrollers.TheenvironmentwasdevelopedinconjunctionwithMicrosoftFoundationClasses(AT89C51).Thepaperdescribesthedesignandmechanismofthistestenvironment,itsinteractionswithvarioushardware/softwareenvironmentalcomponents,andhowtouseAT89C51.
Are8-bitmicrocontrollerearlyor4bits.OneofthemostsuccessfulistheINTEL8031,forasimple,reliableandgoodperformancewasalotofpraise.Thendevelopedin8031outofMCS51MCUSystems.SCMsystemsbasedonthissystemuntilnowisstillwidelyused.Withtheincreasedrequirementsofindustrialcontrolfield,begana16-bitmicrocontroller,butnotidealbecausethecosthasnotbeenverywidelyused.After90yearswiththegreatdevelopmentofconsumerelectronics,microcontrollertechnologyhasbeenahugeincrease.WithINTELi960series,especiallythelaterseriesofwidelyusedARM,32-bitmicrocontrollerquicklyreplacehigh-end16-bitMCUstatusandenterthemainstreammarket.Thetraditional8-bitmicrocontrollerperformancehavebeentherapidincreasecapacityincreasecomparedto80thenumberoftimes.Currently,high-end32-bitmicrocontrollerclockedover300MHz,theperformancecatchingthemid-90sdedicatedprocessor,whiletheaveragemodelpricesfalltooneU.S.dollar,themosthigh-endmodelisonly10dollars.ModernSCMsystemsarenolongeronlyinthedevelopmentanduseofbaremetalenvironment,alargenumberofproprietaryembeddedoperatingsystemiswidelyusedinthefullrangeofSCM.Thehandheldcomputersandcellphonesasthecoreprocessingofhigh-endmicrocontrollercanevenuseadedicatedWindowsandLinuxoperatingsystems.
SCMreliesontheprogram,andcanbemodified.Throughdifferentprocedurestoachievedifferentfunctions,inparticularspecialuniquefeatures,thisisanotherdevicemucheffortneedstobedone,somearegreateffortsareverydifficulttoachieve.Anotverycomplexfunctionsifthe50'swiththeUnitedStatesdeveloped74series,orthe60'sCD4000seriesofthesepurehardwarebuttoned,thenthecircuitmustbealargePCBboard!
ButiftheUnitedStatesifthe70'swithaseriesofsuccessfulSCMmarket,theresultwillbeadrasticchange!
Justbecauseyouarepreparedbymicrocomputerprogramscanachievehighintelligence,highefficiencyandhighreliability!
Introduction
The8-bitAT89C51CHMOSmicrocontrollersaredesignedtohandlehigh-speedcalculationsandfastinput/outputoperations.MCS51microcontrollersaretypicallyusedforhigh-speedeventcontrolsystems.Commercialapplicationsincludemodems,motor-controlsystems,printers,photocopiers,airconditionercontrolsystems,diskdrives,andmedicalinstruments.TheautomotiveindustryuseMCS51microcontrollersinengine-controlsystems,airbags,suspensionsystems,andantilockbrakingsystems(ABS).TheAT89C51isespeciallywellsuitedtoapplicationsthatbenefitfromitsprocessingspeedandenhancedon-chipperipheralfunctionsset,suchasautomotivepower-traincontrol,vehicledynamicsuspension,antilockbraking,andstabilitycontrolapplications.Becauseofthesecriticalapplications,themarketrequiresareliablecost-effectivecontrollerwithalowinterruptlatencyresponse,abilitytoservicethehighnumberoftimeandeventdrivenintegratedperipheralsneededinrealtimeapplications,andaCPUwithaboveaverageprocessingpowerinasinglepackage.Thefinancialandlegalriskofhavingdevicesthatoperateunpredictablyisveryhigh.Onceinthemarket,particularlyinmissioncriticalapplicationssuchasanautopilotoranti-lockbrakingsystem,mistakesarefinancially
Prohibitive.Redesigncostscanrunashighasa$500K,muchmoreifthefixmeansbackannotatingitacrossaproductfamilythatsharethesamecoreand/orperipheraldesignflaw.Inaddition,fieldreplacementsofcomponentsareextremelyexpensive,asthedevicesaretypicallysealedinmoduleswithatotalvalueseveraltimesthatofthecomponent.Tomitigatetheseproblems,itisessentialthatcomprehensivetestingofthecontrollersbecarriedoutatboththecomponentlevelandsystemlevelunderworstcaseenvironmentalandvoltageconditions.Thiscompleteandthoroughvalidationnecessitatesnotonlyawell-definedprocessbutalsoaproperenvironmentandtoolstofacilitateandexecutethemissionsuccessfully.
IntelChandlerPlatformEngineeringgroupprovidespost
Siliconsystemvalidation(SV)ofvariousmicro-controllersandprocessors.Thesystemvalidationprocesscanbebrokenintothreemajorparts.Thetypeofthedeviceanditsapplicationrequirementsdeterminewhichtypesoftestingareperformedonthedevice.
TheAT89C51providesthefollowingstandardfeatures:
4Kbytesofflash,128bytesofRAM,32I/Olines,two16-bittimer/counters,fivevectortwo-levelinterruptarchitecture,afulldupleser-ailport,on-chiposcillatorandclockcircuitry.Inaddition,theAT89C51isdesignedwithstaticlogicforoperationdowntozerofrequencyandsupportstwosoftwareselectablepowersavingmodes.TheIdleModestopstheCPUwhileallowingtheRAM,timer/counters,serialportandinterruptsys-temtocontinuefunctioning.ThePower-downModesavestheRAMcontentsbutfreezesthesocial-labordisablingallotherchipfunctionsuntilthenexthardwarereset.
PinDescription
VCCSupplyvoltage.
GNDGround.
Port0
Port0isan8-bitopen-drainbi-directionalI/Oport.Asanoutputport,eachpincansinkeightTTLinputs.When1sarewrittentoport0pins,thepinscanbeusedashighimpedanceinputs.
Port0mayalsobeconfiguredtobethemultiplexedloweredaddress/databusduringaccessestoexternalprogramanddatamemory.InthismodeP0hasinternalpull-ups’.
Port0alsoreceivesthecodebytesduringFlashprogramming,andoutputsthecodebytesduringprogramverification.Externalpull-upsarerequiredduringprogramverification.
Port1
Port1isan8-bitbi-directionalI/Oportwithinternalpullups.ThePort1outputbufferscansink/so-urgefourTTLinputs.When1sarewrittentoPort1pinstheyarepulledhighbytheinternalpull-upsandcanbeusedasinputs.Asinputs,Port1pinsthatareexternallybeingpulledlowwillsourcecurrent(IIL)becauseoftheinternalpull-ups.
Port1alsoreceivesthelow-orderaddressbytesduringFlashprogrammingandverification.
Port2
Port2isan8-bitbi-directionalI/Oportwithinternalpullups.ThePort2outputbufferscansink/sourcefourTTLinputs.When1sarewrittentoPort2pinstheyarepulledhighbytheinternalpull-upsandcanbeusedasinputs.Asinputs,Port2pinsthatareexternallybeingpulledlowwillsourcecurrent(IIL)becauseoftheinternalpull-ups.
Port2emitsthehigh-orderaddressbyteduringfetchesfromexternalprogrammemoryandduringaccessestoPort2pinsthatareexternallybeingpulledlowwillsourcecurrent(IIL)becauseoftheinternalpull-ups.
Port2emitsthehigh-orderaddressbyteduringfetchesfromexternalprogrammemoryandduringaccessestoexternaldatamemorythatuses16-bitaddresses(MOVX@DPTR).Inthisapplication,itusesstronginternalpull-upswhenemitting1s.Duringaccessestoexternaldatamemorythatuses8-bitaddresses(MOVX@RI);Port2emitsthecontentsoftheP2SpecialFunctionRegister.
Port2alsoreceivesthehigh-orderaddressbitsandsomecontrolsignalsduringFlashprogrammingandverification.
Port3
Port3isan8-bitbi-directionalI/Oportwithinternalpullups.ThePort3outputbufferscansink/soul-racefourTTLinputs.When1sarewrittentoPort3pinstheyarepulledhighbytheinternalpull-upsandcanbeusedasinputs.Asinputs,Port3pinsthatareexternallybeingpulledlowwillsourcecurrent(IIL)becauseofthepull-ups.
RST
Resetinput.Ahighonthispinfortwomachinecycleswhiletheoscillatorisrunningresetsthedevice.
ALE/PROG
AddressLatchEnableoutputpulse
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