TPO1阅读word版.docx
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TPO1阅读word版.docx
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TPO1阅读word版
TPO-1
Groundwater
Groundwateristhewordusedtodescribewaterthatsaturatestheground,fillingalltheavailablespaces.Byfarthemostabundanttypeofgroundwaterismeteoricwater;thisisthegroundwaterthatcirculatesaspartofthewatercycle.Ordinarymeteoricwateriswaterthathassoakedintothegroundfromthesurface,fromprecipitation(rainandsnow)andfromlakesandstreams.Thereitremains,sometimesforlongperiods,beforeemergingatthesurfaceagain.Atfirstthoughtitseemsincrediblethattherecanbeenoughspaceinthe“solid”groundunderfoottoholdallthiswater.
Thenecessaryspaceisthere,however,inmanyforms.Thecommonestspacesarethoseamongtheparticles—sandgrainsandtinypebbles—ofloose,unconsolidatedsandandgravel.Bedsofthismaterial,outofsightbeneaththesoil,arecommon.Theyarefoundwhereverfastriverscarryingloadsofcoarsesedimentonceflowed.Forexample,asthegreaticesheetsthatcoveredNorthAmericaduringthelasticeagesteadilymeltedaway,hugevolumesofwaterflowedfromthem.Thewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacialoutwash,thatwasdepositedastheflowsloweddown.
Thesamethinghappenstothisday,thoughonasmallerscale,whereverasediment-ladenriverorstreamemergesfromamountainvalleyontorelativelyflatland,droppingitsloadasthecurrentslows:
thewaterusuallyspreadsoutfanwise,depositingthesedimentintheformofasmooth,fan-shapedslope.Sedimentsarealsodroppedwhereariverslowsonenteringalakeorthesea,thedepositedsedimentsareonalakefloorortheseaflooratfirst,butwillbelocatedinlandatsomefuturedate,whenthesealevelfallsorthelandrises;suchbedsaresometimesthousandsofmetersthick.
Inlowlandcountryalmostanyspotonthegroundmayoverliewhatwasoncethebedofariverthathassincebecomeburiedbysoil;iftheyarenowbelowthewater’suppersurface(thewatertable),thegravelsandsandsoftheformerriverbed,anditssandbars,willbesaturatedwithgroundwater.
Somuchforunconsolidatedsediments.Consolidated(orcemented)sediments,too,containmillionsofminutewater-holdingpores.Thisisbecausethegapsamongtheoriginalgrainsareoftennottotallypluggedwithcementingchemicals;also,partsoftheoriginalgrainsmaybecomedissolvedbypercolatinggroundwater,eitherwhileconsolidationistakingplaceoratanytimeafterwards.Theresultisthatsandstone,forexample,canbeasporousastheloosesandfromwhichitwasformed.
Thusaproportionofthetotalvolumeofanysediment,looseorcemented,consistsofemptyspace.Mostcrystallinerocksaremuchmoresolid;acommonexceptionisbasalt,aformofsolidifiedvolcaniclava,whichissometimesfulloftinybubblesthatmakeitveryporous.
Theproportionofemptyspaceinarockisknownasitsporosity.Butnotethatporosityisnotthesameaspermeability,whichmeasurestheeasewithwhichwatercanflowthroughamaterial;thisdependsonthesizesoftheindividualcavitiesandthecreviceslinkingthem.
Muchofthewaterinasampleofwater-saturatedsedimentorrockwilldrainfromitifthesampleisputinasuitabledryplace.AButsomewillremain,clingingtoallsolidsurfaces.BItisheldtherebytheforceofsurfacetensionwithoutwhichwaterwoulddraininstantlyfromanywetsurface,leavingittotallydry.CThetotalvolumeofwaterinthesaturatedsamplemustthereforebethoughtofasconsistingofwaterthatcan,andwaterthatcannot,drainaway.D
Therelativeamountofthesetwokindsofwatervariesgreatlyfromonekindofrockorsedimenttoanother,eventhoughtheirporositiesmaybethesame.Whathappensdependsonporesize.Iftheporesarelarge,thewaterinthemwillexistasdropstooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold,anditwilldrainaway;butiftheporesaresmallenough,thewaterinthemwillexistasthinfilms,toolighttoovercometheforceofsurfacetensionholdingtheminplace;thenthewaterwillbefirmlyheld.
1.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutthegroundthatwewalkon?
(3)
○Itcannotholdrainwaterforlongperiodsoftime.
○Itpreventsmostgroundwaterfromcirculating.
○Ithasthecapacitytostorelargeamountsofwater.
○Itabsorbsmostofthewateritcontainsfromrivers.
2.Theword“incredible”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(3)
○confusing
○comforting
○unbelievable
○interesting
3.Theword“outofsight”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
(2)
○faraway
○hidden
○partlyvisible
○discovered
4.Accordingtoparagraph2,whereisgroundwaterusuallyfound?
(4)
○Insidepiecesofsandandgravel
○Ontopofbedsofrock
○Infastriversthatareflowingbeneaththesoil
○Inspacesbetweenpiecesofsediment
5.Thephrase“glacialoutwash”inthepassagerefersto(4)
○fastrivers
○glaciers
○thehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmelting
○theparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciers
6.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph3asplacesthatsediment-ladenriverscandeposittheirsedimentsEXCEPT
(1)
○Amountainvalley
○Flatland
○Alakefloor
○Theseafloor
7.Theword“overlie”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
(1)
○cover
○change
○separate
○surround
8.Thephrase“Somuchfor”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
(1)
○thatisenoughabout
○nowletusturnto
○ofgreaterconcernare
○thisisrelatedto
9.Theword“plugged”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto(3)
○washed
○dragged
○filledup
○soakedthrough
10.Accordingtoparagraphs6and7,whyisbasaltunlikemostcrystallineformsofrock?
(2)
○Itisunusuallysolid.
○Itoftenhashighporosity.
○Ithasalowproportionofemptyspace.
○Itishighlypermeable.
11.Whatisthemainpurposeofparagraph7?
(4)
○Toexplainwhywatercanflowthroughrock
○Toemphasizethelargeamountofemptyspaceinallrock
○Topointoutthatarockcannotbebothporousandpermeable
○Todistinguishbetweentworelatedpropertiesofrock
12.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
(1)
○Surfacetensionisnotstrongenoughtoretaindropsofwaterinrockswithlargeporesbutitstrongenoughtoholdontothinfilmsofwaterinrockswithsmallpores.
○Waterinrocksisheldinplacebylargeporesanddrainsawayfromsmallsizeporesthroughsurfacetension.
○Smallporesandlargeporesbothinteractwithsurfacetensiontodeterminewhetherarockwillholdwaterasheavydropsorasathinfilm.
○Iftheforceofsurfacetensionistooweaktoholdwaterinplaceasheavydrops,thewaterwillcontinuetobeheldfirmlyinplaceasathinfilmwhenlargeporesexist.
13.Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.(4)
What,then,determineswhatproportionofthewaterstaysandwhatproportiondrainsaway?
Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?
14.Directions:
Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.
Muchofthegroundisactuallysaturatedwithwater.
●Sedimentsthatholdwater…
●Waterisstoredunderground…
●Thesizeofasaturatedrock’s…
Answerchoices
○Sedimentsthatholdwaterwerespreadbyglaciersandarestillspreadbyriversandstreams.
○Waterisstoredundergroundinbedsofloosesandandgravelorincementedsediment.
○Thesizeofasaturatedrock’sporesdetermineshowmuchwateritwillretainwhentherockisputinadryplace.
○Groundwateroftenremainsundergroundforalongtimebeforeitemergesagain.
○Likesandstone,basaltisacrystallinerockthatisveryporous.
○Bedsofunconsolidatedsedimentsaretypicallylocatedatinlandsitesthatwereonceunderwater.
参考答案:
1.C2.C3.B4.D5.D6.A7.A8.A9.C10.B11.D12.A13.D
14.Sedimentsthatholdwater…
Waterisstoredunderground…
Thesizeofasaturatedrock’s…
参考译文:
地下水
地下水是指渗入到地下并将所有岩石孔隙填满的水。
到现在为止,大气水是最丰富的地下水资源,是地下水在水循环中的一个环节。
普通的大气水会从地表、降水以及湖泊河流侵入到地下。
在再次冒出地表之前,这些地下水有时会长时间留在地下。
最初让人觉得难以置信的是,在我们脚下“坚实的”土地中竟然有足够的空间能储存这么些水。
然而,地下水所需的储存空间多种多样。
松散的砂子和砾石间有许多颗粒,如沙粒和小石子,它们之间的孔隙是最常见的储存地下水的空间。
由这些颗粒组成的水床非常普遍,通常位于看不见的土壤下方,在携带粗糙沉淀物的湍急的河流曾流过的地方都能找到它们的踪迹。
比如,冰河时代覆盖北美的巨大冰层逐渐融化,大量水从那儿流出。
水里总会携带些石子、砾石和沙石,这些颗粒会随着水流的减速而沉淀,这就是所谓冰河期的冰水沉积。
现代也有冰水沉积,尽管规模相对较小。
凡是有携带沙石的河流或者溪流从山谷流至相对平坦的地面时,砂石就随着水流速度的减慢逐渐沉淀;水流通常呈扇形扩散,它们所携带的沙石也会沉淀为光滑的扇形斜面。
当河流汇入湖泊和海洋的时候也会有沉淀,这些沉淀最初在湖底或海底,但将来海平面下降或者陆地崛起时,它们就会分布于内陆,通常厚达几千米。
低地区域上的任何位置可能就是曾经的河床,后续被土壤覆盖而变成现在的样子。
如果那些过去的河床和沙洲现在位于地下水位之下,一定会有大量的地下水浸在它们的沙子和砾石之间。
以上说的都是松散的沉积物,那些坚固的沉积物,也拥有以数万计的毛细孔来容纳水。
因为最初颗粒间的缝隙通常并未完全被黏固的化学物质塞满,而且部分颗粒很可能在固化时或固化后被渗入的地下水溶解;结果这些砂岩最终变得和形成它的散沙一样多孔。
因此,不管沉积物是疏松还是坚固,它们中一定有空间。
大部分结晶体岩石都非常坚硬,但也有例外,最常见的就是玄武岩,它是一种固化的火山熔岩,经常充满了微小气泡,从而变得十分多孔。
岩石的孔隙度就是指其中空间的比例。
但需要注意的是,孔隙度与渗透率是不同的。
渗透率衡量的是水渗透物质的难易程度,它取决于与单个空隙以及连接孔隙间裂缝的大小。
当充满水分的沉淀物或者岩石样本被放置在适宜的干燥环境中时,大部分的水分会流失,但仍有部分水会继续附着在坚实的表面上。
要不是因为表面张力,这些水分也会立刻蒸发,仅留下完全干燥的样本。
因此,试验样本的含水量既包括可以流干的水,也包括不能流干的水。
这两种水的相对含量因岩石或沉积物种类不同而改变,即便它们有相同比例的孔隙,还取决于孔隙的大小。
如果孔隙很大,其中的水会形成水滴,太重足以克服吸引它的表面张力,就会流走;但如果孔隙够小,水会像薄膜一样,太轻无法克服表面张力,从而稳稳地附着在孔隙表面上。
TheOriginsofTheater
Inseekingtodescribetheoriginsoftheater,onemustrelyprimarilyonspeculation,sincethereislittleconcreteevidenceonwhichtodraw.Themostwidelyacceptedtheory,championedbyanthropologistsinthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies,envisionst
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