最新整理蜂巢结构的应用与研究讲课稿.docx
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最新整理蜂巢结构的应用与研究讲课稿.docx
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最新整理蜂巢结构的应用与研究讲课稿
JIANGSUUNIVERSITY
蜂巢结构仿生研究与应用
学院名称:
京江学院
专业班级:
J高分子1101
学生姓名:
胡文文
学号:
4121126016
指导老师:
吴平
2005年12月
Estimationofhuman-hemoglobinusinghoneycombstructure:
Anapplicationofphotoniccrystal
abstract
Thispaperproposesamethodtoestimatethehemoglobinconcentrationinhumanbloodusing2Dhoneycombphotoniccrystalstructure.Thoughafewworksdealwithsimilarkindofinvestigation,presentresearchdeliversanaccurateestimationofhemoglobinascomparedtopreviousworks.Theprincipleofinvestigationisbasedonlinearvariationofbothphotonicbandgapandabsorbance’swithrespecttodifferentconcentrationofhemoglobininhumanblood.Asidethesevariations,energytransmittedthroughhoneycombphotoniccrystalstructureisalsovariedlinearlywithrespecttosameconcentration.Inthiswork,photonicbandgapofhoneycombstructureisfoundusingplanewaveexpansionmethod,whereasabsorbanceofsamestructureiscomputedbyemployingMaxwellCurlequation.Finally,simulationresultrevealedthattransmittedenergythroughtwodimensionalhoneycombphotoniccrystalstructurecontainingbloodisnicelyfittedwithlineartrendline(R2=1)whichleadtoanaccurateinvestigationofhemoglobininhumanblood.Atlast,thispaperproposesanexperimentalsetuptomeasurethesaidconcentrationswiththehelpofanArduinodevelopmentboard(Uno)containingAtmega320microcontroller.
Keywords:
HoneycombphotoniccrystalstructurePhotonicbandgapTransmittedenerg
1.Introduction
Photonicscrystalsaremade,artificiallycreatedmaterialsinwhichrefractiveindexisperiodicallymodulatedinascalecomparabletothescaleofthewavelength.Thoughtheconceptofphotoniccrystalhasoriginatedintheyear1857byLordRayleigh,theresearchworkinthefieldofphotoniccrystalsisrealizedafteralmost100years,whenYablonovitchandJohnpublishedtwomilestonepapersonphotoniccrystalsin1987[1–3],sincethen,photonicshavebeenprogressinghastilyandshowingaremarkableresearchinthefieldofscienceandtechnology.Asfaras,applicationofphotonic-devicesareconcerned,photoniccrystalplayanimportantroletoenvisagevariousapplicationinmoderntechnology[4–6].Thoughphotoniccrystalisusedfordifferentapplication,sensingapplicationisoneofthemajorrelevanceinphotonics.Asfarasliteraturesurveysonsensingapplicationusingphotoniccrystalstructureisconcerned,recentlyfewpapersdealwithsimilartypeofresearch[7–13].Consideringabriefremarkonabovereferences,itisseenthatreference[7]presentsanovelmethodtofindouttheconcentrationofsugar,salt,andalcoholintheiraqueoussolution.Inthiscase,theauthorused2Dphotoniccrystalstructurewith11×11airholes.Alsousingsametechnique,concentrationofPAMhydrogelandstrengthofCygelisinvestigatedinRefs.[8,9],respectively.AlsoinRefs.[10,11],theconcentrationofpotassiumchlorideintheiraqueousandintrallipidinhumanbloodisestimatedusingphotoniccrystalfiber.Apartfromthese,measurementofglycerolinB–H–Gsolutionandconcentrationofhemoglobininhumanbloodisinvestigatedusing3DphotoniccrystalstructureinRefs.[12,13],respectively.ThoughRef.[13]measurestheconcentrationofhemoglobininhumanbloodusing3Dphotoniccrystalstructure,itishardtofabricate3Dowingtophotoniccrystalstructure.Weinthispaperinvestigatetheconcentrationofhemoglobininhumanbloodusing2Dhoneycombphotoniccrystalstructure.Thereasonforchoosingsuchstructureisthatitcanbeeasilyfabricated;secondly,thesestructurespredictaccurateresultascomparedto3Dphotoniccrystalstructure,whichiscarriedoutinRef.[13].
Hemoglobinisamaincomponentoftheblood,whichisimportantfortransportationofoxygeninblood,whichleadstocirculationofbloodinvein.Thiscirculationofhumanbloodsystemhasdefaultfunctions,suchassupplyofoxygentotissues,supplyofnutrientssuchasglucose,aminoacids,andfattyacids,removalofwastesuchascarbondioxide,urea,lacticacid,immunologicalfunctions,includingcirculationofwhitecells,anddetectionofforeignmaterialsbyantibodies,coagulation,messengerfunctions,regulationofbodyPH,regulationohcorebodytemperaturehydraulicfunctionetc.fornormalhumanbody.Adeficiencyofhemoglobininhumanbloodcreatesseriousproblemsuchasdownstreamtissuedysfunction,Leukemia,irondeficiency,anemia,multiplemyeloma,etc.[14–17].Keepingtheimportanceofhemoglobininhumanblood,thispaperestimatestheconcentrationofhemoglobininbothoxygenatedanddeoxygenatedblood.Thispaperisorganizedasfollows:
Section2presentsthestructureofthehoneycombphotoniccrystalstructureincludingtheprincipleofmeasurement.SimulationresultandinterpretationismadeinSection3.Section4proposesanexperimentalsetupandfinallyconclusionsaredrawninSection5.
2.Honeycombstructureandprincipleofmeasurement
Asfarasmeasurementofhemoglobininhumanbloodisconcerned,weuse2Dhoneycombphotoniccrystalstructureforthesame,whichisshowninFig.1.Fig.1representshoneycombphotoniccrystalstructurehavinggalliumArsenideasbackgroundmaterialcontainingairholes,wherebloodswithdifferentpercentage(g/L)ofhemoglobinareinfiltrated.Theproposedstructureconsistsof9numbersofairholessuchthatdiameterofairholesis420nmandlatticespacingofthestructureis1m.Theprincipleofmeasurementisbasedonlinearvariationofreflectedenergyandabsorbancewithrespecttoconcentrationofhemoglobininhumanblood.Whenlighthavingwavelengthof589nmincidentonhoneycombstructurecontainingbloodwithdifferentpercentageofhemoglobinthen,someamountoflightwillgetreflectandsomeamountoflightwillbeabsorbedbythestructure.Therestamountoflightwillbetransmittedthroughthestructure.Sincetheprincipleisbasedonlinearvariationof
bothreflectedandabsorbance,intensitytransmittedthroughhoneycombstructurealsovarieslinearlywithrespecttohemoglobinconcentrationinthebloodwhichisakeyfactor(linearvariation)torealizeaccurateinvestigationofhemoglobininhumanblood.Weusesimplemathematicalequationtofindoutthereflectedenergy,absorbanceandtransmittedenergyforinvestigationofhemoglobin.Asfaras,energyreflectedfromhoneycombstructureisconcerned,itisobtainedfromdispersiondiagram,whichiscarriedoutbyemployingplanewaveexpansionmethod[18]
Inthiscase,wecomputednormalizedfrequency(a/)fromdispersiondiagram,thenthevaluesofreflectedenergy(ER)iscalculatedusingfollowingsimpleequation:
ER=hc/R,whereRisreflectedwavelength,whichisfoundfromdispersiondiagram.Since,wavelength589nmisusedtoinvestigatehemoglobinconcentration;theenergyofincidentlight(EI)correspondingtothiswavelengthisfoundusingfollowingexpression.EI
(2)whereistheincidentwavelength(589nm)Using
(1)and
(2),theenergytransmittedthroughthestructureiswrittenasET=E0−ER(3)Eq.(3)representsastransmittedenergywithoutconsiderationofabsorptionloss.However,fromliteratureitisfoundthatGaAsstructureandbloodwithdifferentconcentrationofhemoglobinabsorbsomelightofwavelength,589nm.So,absorptionlossshouldbecogitatedduringthisinvestigation.UsingRef.[19]andemployingMaxwellcurlequation,Eq.(3)ismodifiedasET(4)Fromtheaboveequation,itisseenthatabsorptionlosstakesplaceduetotwofactors,suchasabsorptionlossduetobackgroundmaterialandabsorptionlossduetoblood.Whereiscalledtheabsorptioncoefficientofgalliumarsenidematerialand‘t’isthethicknessofbackgroundorsubstrate.ˇiscalledtheabsorptioncoefficientofbloodatwavelength589nm,whichisexpressedwhereiscalledtheextinctioncoefficientofbloodatwavelength589nmand‘C’istheconcentrationofhemoglobininhumanbloodand‘d’isthediameterofairholes,wherebloodsamplesareinfiltration.Usingtheaboveequation,outputenergythrough2Dhoneycombphotoniccrystalstructureisobtainedcorrespondingtoeachconcentrationofhemoglobininhumanbloodsample.
3.Resultandinterpretation
Fromprevioussection,itisseenthatoutputenergythroughthephotoniccrystalstructurecorrespondingtoeachconcentrationisafunctionofbothreflectedenergyfromthestructureandenergyabsorbedbythestructure.Asbothreflectionenergyandabsorptionlossareimportanttoobtaintransmittedenergy,wedividethissectionintothreesub-sectionssuchthatfirstsub-sectiondiscussesreflectedenergy,secondsub-sectionanalysesabsorptionlossandthentransmittedenergyisgiveninthirdsubsection.
3.1.Reflectedenergy
Weusedispersiondiagramtocomputetheenergyreflectedfromhoneycombphotoniccrystalstructure.Dispersiondiagramisagraphbetweennormalizedfrequency(a/)withwavevector(k),whichgivesanideaaboutthephotonicbandgaporreflectedenergyfromsamestructure.Sobeforegoingtocomputereflectedenergy,wefocusondispersiondiagramof2Dphotonichoneycombstructurecontaininghumanbloodsamplewithdifferentpercentageofhemoglobin.Thedispersionrelation(relationbetweennormalizedfrequencyandwavevector)dependsonstructureparameterssuchdiameterofholes,latticespacing,refractiveindicesofbothbackgroundandbloodsampleincludingtheconfigurationofthestructure
Inthiscase,weconsiderhoneycombstructurewhoselatticespacingis1manddiameterofairholesis420nm.Usingtheaboveparametersandemployingplanewaveexpansionmethod,simulationismadetoobtainthedispersiongraphof2Dhoneycombphotoniccrystalstructure.Though,wehavemadesimulation
forallconcentrationofhemoglobinfrom0g/Lto120/g/L
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