届新高考英语最新模拟汇编专题02 阅读理解之说明文二 解析版.docx
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届新高考英语最新模拟汇编专题02 阅读理解之说明文二 解析版.docx
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届新高考英语最新模拟汇编专题02阅读理解之说明文二解析版
2021届新高考数学备考艺考生百日冲刺
专题02阅读理解之说明文
(二)
一、(湖北省华中师范大学第一附属中学2021届高三期中)
“ACAREERBOOKaboutAsians?
Aren’ttheydoingfine…?
”SobeginsBreakingtheBambooCeiling,averylargescholarlybookbyJaneHyunpublishedin2005.BecauseAsian-Americanshadhigherincomesandeducationlevelsandcommittedfewercrimesthantheiraveragecountrymen,theywereseenasamodelminority.Despitethis,theyrarelyrosetothetopofcompanies.Amixofindividual,culturalandorganizationalbarriers—the“bambooceiling”ofthebook’stitle—seemedtoprohibitthemfromrising.
FifteenyearslaterAsiansarestillunder-represented.Inthetechnologysectors,Asiansmakeupover30%oftheworkersbutlessthan15%ofbosses.In2017Asiansmadeuproughly6%ofthecountry’spopulationbutonly3%ofthebossesofS&P500(标准普尔500指数)firms.
SomeprominentAsiansrunbigcompanies.ArvindKrishnaisIBM’snewboss.SatyaNadellarunsMicrosoftandSundarPichaileadsAlphabet.ButfewotherAsianshavejoinedtheirranks—and,revealingly,thesestarsallhaveIndianroots.TherearefewerSouthAsiansinAmericathanEastAsians,buttheystillmadeup13ofall16AsianS&P500CEOs.
WhyaretheresofewAsiansamongAmerica’sbusinesselite?
Andifabambooceilingistoblame,whydoSouthAsiansbreakthroughmoreeasily?
ThesequestionsarethefocusofastudybyJacksonLuofMITSloanSchoolofManagementandcolleagues,whosurveyedhundredsofseniorexecutivesandbusiness-schoolstudents.Theyfoundthatwhilediscriminationexists,itisnotdestiny.SouthAsiansenduregreaterracismthanEastAsiansbutstilloutperformevenwhites(ifsuccessisweighedagainstshareofpopulation).Theirresearchalsorulesoutlackofambition:
agreatershareofAsiansthanwhitesendeavorforhigh-statusjobs.
Thatleavesculture.TheresearchersconcludethatSouthAsianstendtobemoredeterminedandconfidentthanEastAsiansinhowtheycommunicateatwork,whichfitsWesternconceptsofhowaleadershouldbehave.Thesametendencyforconfidentremarksfeaturedin“TheArgumentativeIndian”,abookbyAmartyaSen,aNobel-prizewinningeconomist.TheresearchersoweEastAsians’silencetoConfucianvaluesofmodestyandrespectforsocialranking.Sometimesbraveryandbombastareneededtobreakbamboo.
12.Whatdoes“bambooceiling”referto?
A.ThetopofanAmericantechnologycompany.
B.AroofmadeofbambootypicalofAsianbuildings.
C.PromotionobstaclesfacingAsianemployeesinAmerica.
D.TheinvisiblediscriminationagainstAsiansintheUSA.
13.Whatdoes“under-represented”inParagraph2mean?
A.Lackingrepresentatives.B.Hardtoshowtheirtalents.
C.Beingunderestimated.D.Unabletolandajob.
14.AccordingtoJacksonLu,whatmainlyaccountsforfewerpromotionsofEastAsiansthanSouthAsians?
A.Asmallpopulation.B.Discrimination.C.Lackofambition.D.Culture.
15.WhydoSouthAsianssucceedinAmericanbusinessmoreeasily?
A.Westernpeopleprefermodestytoconfidenceincommunication.
B.TheconfidencetheydemonstrateconsistswithWesternleadership.
C.Theyenduregreaterracismandbecomemoreambitious.
D.Theirambitionurgesthemtoendeavorforhigh-statusjobs.
【答案】
12.C
13.A
14.D
15.B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。
文章以一本名为《BreakingtheBambooCeiling》的书为引入,指出了在美国的亚洲员工面临晋升障碍的社会现象,同时南亚人比东亚人更容易晋升,分析了产生这一现象背后的种种原因。
12.细节理解题。
根据第一段中“BecauseAsian-Americanshadhigherincomesandeducationlevelsandcommittedfewercrimesthantheiraveragecountrymen,theywereseenasamodelminority.Despitethis,theyrarelyrosetothetopofcompanies.Amixofindividual,culturalandorganizationalbarriers—the“bambooceiling”ofthebook’stitle—seemedtoprohibitthemfromrising.(由于亚裔美国人的收入和教育水平更高,犯罪行为也比一般同胞少,他们被视为模范少数族裔。
尽管如此,他们很少能升到公司的高层。
个人、文化和组织的障碍——书名中的“bambooceiling”——混合在一起,似乎阻止了他们的晋升)”可知,“bambooceiling”指的是在美国的亚洲员工面临的晋升障碍。
故选C。
13.词义猜测题。
根据画线词后文“Inthetechnologysectors,Asiansmakeupover30%oftheworkersbutlessthan15%ofbosses.In2017Asiansmadeuproughly6%ofthecountry’spopulationbutonly3%ofthebossesofS&P500(标准普尔500指数)firms.(在科技行业,亚洲人占员工总数的30%以上,但占老板总数的不到15%。
2017年,亚洲人约占美国人口的6%,但在标准普尔500指数成分股公司的老板中,亚洲人只占3%)”可知,15年后,亚洲人在行业中仍然没有得到充分的代表,即亚洲人缺乏代表。
故画线词意思为“缺乏代表”。
故选A。
14.推理判断题。
根据倒数第二段中“SouthAsiansenduregreaterracismthanEastAsiansbutstilloutperformevenwhites(ifsuccessisweighedagainstshareofpopulation).Theirresearchalsorulesoutlackofambition:
agreatershareofAsiansthanwhitesendeavorforhigh-statusjobs.(南亚人忍受着比东亚人更严重的种族主义,但表现仍然超过白人——如果成功与人口比例相比较的话。
他们的研究也排除了缺乏雄心壮志的可能性:
努力获得高职位的亚洲人比白人要多)”以及最后一段中“Thatleavesculture.(这样一来就只剩下文化这种原因)”可推知,根据JacksonLu的研究,东亚人升职比南亚人少的主要原因是文化。
故选D。
15.细节理解题。
根据最后一段中“TheresearchersconcludethatSouthAsianstendtobemoredeterminedandconfidentthanEastAsiansinhowtheycommunicateatwork,whichfitsWesternconceptsofhowaleadershouldbehave.(研究人员得出的结论是,南亚人在工作中的沟通方式往往比东亚人更有决心和自信,这符合西方关于领导者的行事概念)”可知,南亚人更容易在美国商业中成功,是因为他们表现出的信心与西方领导一致。
故选B。
二、(湖北省龙泉中学、荆州中学、宜昌一中2021届高三联考)
WorldNoTobaccoDayiscelebratedeach31stofMay.Theaimistobringattentiontothegrowinguseoftobaccoanditsdeadlyeffects.TheWorldHealthAssemblyestablishedtheeventin1987.Thisyear,specialattentionisbeinggiventotheharmfuleffectsoftobaccomarketingtowomenandgirls.
TheWHOsaysthetobaccoindustryhasincreasinglydirecteditsmarketingcampaignsatwomenandgirls.Studyshowsthatwomencurrentlyrepresentabouttwentypercentofsmokerswhiletobaccouseamonggirlsisincreasing.Datacollectedfrom151countriesshowthataboutsevenpercentofyounggirlsnowsmoke.Thatcompareswithtwelvepercentofboys.Insomecountries,however,theratesarealmostequal.
Almost170countrieshavesignedanagreementcalledtheFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControlwhichcallsonthosegovernmentstobantobaccoadvertisingtothefullesttoprotectwomen.Theagreementseekstoreducethedemandandsupplyoftobaccoproducts.Thisyearmarksthefifthanniversarysincethetreatywentintoeffect.Uptonow,eightypercentofthesignershavebannedthesaleoftobaccoproductstoyoungpeople.Seventypercenthaverequiredhealthwarningsontobaccoproducts.
EventsareplannedinanumberofcountriestomarkWorldNoTobaccoDay.Manyoftheeventsareaimedatpersuadingpeople,especiallytheyoung,nottostartsmoking.Othersaimtoeducatepeopleaboutthemanyhealthbenefitsofgivingupsmoking.
TheWorldHealthOrganizationsaystobaccokillsnearlyfiveandahalfmillionpeopleayearandhasbecomeatopcauseofdeathworldwide.Itisestimatedthatsofarintheworldonebillionpeoplesmoke.Morethaneightypercentoftobaccousersliveinlowandmiddleincomecountries.TheWHOestimatesthattobaccousecausedonehundredmilliondeathsinthetwentiethcentury.Ifcurrentratescontinue,thatnumbercouldreachonebillioninthiscentury.
28.ThefollowingaboutWorldNoTobaccoDayistrueexcept.
A.itwasstartedbytheWorldHealthAssemblyB.itiscelebratedinMayeveryotheryear
C.itwarnspeopleofthedangersofsmokingD.itismeanttoprotectwomenandgirlsthisyear
29.AccordingtoWHO,tobaccoindustryistoblamebecause.
A.ithasmanagedtoincreasesalesoftobaccoamongwomenandgirls
B.ithashiredmorewomenandgirlstohelpwiththeadvertisement
C.itsellsitstobaccoatalowerpricetowomenandgirls
D.itonlycollectsdatafrommorethan151countries
30.FrameworkConventionismadeto.
A.increasetobaccoproductionB.improvethewayoftobaccoadvertising
C.protectwomenfromthedangersofsmokingD.estimatethedemandoftobaccoproducts
31.Whathashappenedfiveyearsaftertheagreementcameintobeing?
A.Thesaleoftobaccototheyoungisbannedinmostofthesigners.
B.Eightypercentofthesignershaveprintedwarningsontobaccoproducts.
C.Seventypercentofthesignersarepersuadingoldpeoplenottostartsmoking.
D.Fewsignershavetoldpeopletheadvantageofgivingupsmoking.
【答案】
28.B
29.A
30.C
31.A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。
主要介绍了各国响应世界无烟日的情况,此次世界无烟日特别关注吸烟对女性的危害。
世界卫生组织表示,烟草业越来越多地将其营销活动对准妇女和女孩。
就此问题,近170个国家签署了一项名为《烟草控制框架公约》的协议,呼吁各国政府全面禁止烟草广告,以保护妇女。
到目前为止,80%的签名者已经禁止向年轻人出售烟草产品。
28.细节理解题。
根据第一段中WorldNoTobaccoDayiscelebratedeach31stofMay.可知每年的5月31日是世界无烟日。
由此可知,关于世界无烟日的说法中,B选项“每两年在五月庆祝一次”说法错误。
故选B。
29.推理判断题。
根据第二段中TheWHOsaysthetobaccoindustryhasincreasinglydirecteditsmarketingcampaignsatwomenandgirls.可知世界卫生组织表示,烟草业越来越多地将其营销活动对准妇女和女孩。
由此可知,烟草企业设法增加在妇女和女孩中的销售量,所以它应该受到谴责。
故选A。
30.细节理解题。
根据第三段中的Almost170countrieshavesignedanagreementcalledtheFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControlwhichcallsonthosegovernmentstobantobaccoadvertisingtothefullesttoprotectwomen.可知近170个国家签署了一项名为《烟草控制框架公约》的协议,呼吁各国政府全面禁止烟草广告,以保护妇女。
由此可知,制定框架公约是为了保护妇女免受吸烟的危害。
故选C。
31.细节理解题。
根据第三段中Thisyearmarksthefifthanniversarysincethetreatywentintoeffect.Uptonow,eightypercentofthesignershavebannedthesaleoftobaccoproductstoyoungpeople.可知今年是该条约生效5周年。
到目前为止,80%的签名者已经禁止向年轻人出售烟草产品。
由此可知,协议达成五年后,大多数签名者禁止向年轻人出售烟草。
故选A。
三、(湖北省龙泉中学、荆州中学、宜昌一中2021届高三联考)
Machinesmightonedayreplacehumanlaborersinanumberofprofessions,butsurelytheywon’teverreplacehumanartists.Right?
Thinkagain.Notevenourartistswillbesafefromtheinevitablemachinetakeover,ifanewdevelopmentinartificialintelligence(AI)byateamofresearchersfromRutgersUniversityandFacebook’sAIlaboffersaclueofwhat’stocome.TheyhavedesignedanAIcapableofnotonlyproducingart,butactuallyinventingwholenewaesthetic(美学的)stylessimilartomovementslikeimpressionismorabstractexpressionism.Theidea,accordingtoresearcherMarianMazzone,wastomakeartthatis“novel,butnottoonovel”.
Themodelusedinthisprojectinvolvesagene
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