毕业翻译.docx
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毕业翻译.docx
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毕业翻译
本科毕业论文
外文文献及译文
文献、资料题目:
TheFireSafetyDesignOfApartmentBuilding
文献、资料来源:
JournalofAsianArchitecteandAuildingEngineering
文献、资料发表(出版)日期:
2006.08
院(部):
市政与环境工程学院
专业:
给水排水工程
班级:
姓名:
学号:
指导教师:
翻译日期:
2008、06
外文文献:
THEFIRESAFETYDESIGNOFAPARTMENTBUILDINGS
Inmostfireengineeredbuildings,interventionofthefirebrigadeisnotusually
considered.Thefirebrigadeprovidesthelastlineofattackonafire,andusuallythelastopportunitytofindandrescueoccupants.Theinterventionofthefirebrigadeishighlydependentonthemreceivinganalarmornotificationofafire.
Theroleofthefirebrigadeisimportantinanapartmentfireastheycan:
Fight,suppressandextinguishthefire
Performsearchandrescueoperations
Externallyrescueoccupants
ControlevacuationviatheEWISsystemorlifts
Performfirstaid
Reassureoccupants
Forthefirebrigadetoperformtheirjobsproperlytheyrequire:
Adequatesiteaccess
Adequatewatersupplies
Suitablylocatedfiresystemcontrolcentresandindicatorpanels
Controlsforlifts
Protectionfromstructuralfailureforanappropriatelengthoftime
TheAustralianandNewZealandbuildingcodesandstandardsprovidedesigncriteriafortheaboverequirements.Successfulfirebrigadeinterventioncanbeachievedwithpre-planning,earlyalarm,rapidresponseandtheprovisionofsufficientlabourandequipmenttodealwiththehazard(Becketal,1992).
Thetimeforthefirebrigadetoarriveandextinguishthefireisinfluencedbythefollowingcomponents:
Timetodetectionoffire.Eitherbyautomaticsystemsorpeople(Buchanan,
1996).
Timetonotificationoffirebrigade(Buchanan,1996).
Firebrigadetraveltime(Buchanan,1996).
Accessandsearchtimeforallfloors(Buchanan,1996).
Firebrigadesetuptime
Fireattacktime(Buchanan,1996).
TheFireEngineeringGuidelines(FCRC,1996)containsa“FireBrigadeCommunicationandResponse”modelwhichprovidesguidanceonassessingtheresponseofthefirebrigade.Thefollowingfirebrigadetimesare95thpercentiletimestakenfromtheFEG(FCRC,1996).
Time(minutes)
Environment
Arrival
Setup
City
10
20
Country
20
15
Inanon-evacuationstrategy,thefirebrigademaybereliedupontosuppressandextinguishthefire.Thereforenotificationandarrivaltimesarecrucial.
Thearrivalofthefirebrigademayalsobecrucialinanemergencystrategywheretheyarerequiredtocommunicatewiththeoccupantsorassisttheevacuation.Ifcommunicationwithoccupantsisvitaltotheemergencystrategy,appropriatelytrainedwardensshouldtakechargepriortothearrivalofthefirebrigade.
TheinterventionofthefirebrigadeneedstobenegotiatedwiththeapprovalauthorityorAuthorityHavingJurisdiction(AHJ)andfirebrigade.Thetimesforinterventionneedtobeagreeduponbyallrelevantstakeholders.
Theactivitiesofthefirebrigadecanbeaidedthroughsensibledesignsandarchitecture.Forexample,locationofhydrants,hosereelsandfireindicatorpanelsshouldbedesignedsuchthattheyassisttheoperationsofthefirebrigade.
Someoftheproblemsfacedbythefirebrigadeduringafireare:
fightingthefirewhilstassistingtheevacuation,accesstothefirefloorbeingrestrictedwithevacuatingoccupantsandreducedeffectivenessduetofatigueafterclimbingstairs.
8BUILDINGANDEGRESSCHARACTERISTICS
Thebuildingandegresscharacteristicsaretwoofthemostinfluentialvariablesonthe
evacuationstrategyandfiresafetymeasuresprovidedinabuilding.Theprimarybuildingandegresscharacteristicsthatinfluencethefiresafetydesignare:
Buildingheight
Numberofexits
Exitwidths
Egressdistance
Buildingconstructionandpassiveprotection
Refugefloorsand/orrefugeareas
Lifts
8.1BuildingHeight
InAustraliaandNewZealandthebuildingheightismajordeterminantofthefiresafetysystems.Whenbuildingsaregreaterthan25mineffectiveheight,thereisasignificantincreaseintheprescriptiverequirementsspecifiedbytheBuildingCodeofAustralia.
The25mbuildingheightlimitispartlybasedonthelimitsofladderaccess,andtheabilityofthefirebrigadetorescueoccupantsandfightthefireexternally.InAustralianbuildingsgreaterthan25m,theprescriptiverequirementsrequirethebuildingstobesprinklerprotectedandtohavepressurisedescapepaths.
Thefiresafetymatrixpresentedinthisreportconsidersthreebuildingheights,withtheheightlimitsbeingbasedontheBCAandtheAcceptableSolutionstotheNZBC.Itshouldbenotedthattheguidelinespresentedinthematrixdonotstrictlyapplytotheselimits,anditistheresponsibilityofthefireengineerandapprovalauthoritytodetermineifanadequatelevelofsafetyhasbeenachieved.
Thebuildingheightlimitsthathavebeenconsideredare:
Buildingslessthan3storeys.Thesebuildingsarecharacterisedbyunprotected
escapepathsandtraveldistancesgenerallymeetingcoderequirements.The
buildingshaveshorttraveldistancesandexternalrescueisgenerallypossible.
Buildingsgreaterthan3storeys,lessthan25mhigh.Thesebuildingsare
characterisedbyhavingprotectedstairs,liftsandexternalrescuebeingpossible
Buildingsgreaterthan25mhigh.Thesebuildingsarecharacterisedbyhaving
protectedstairs,lifts,relativelylongtraveldistancesandlimitedexternalrescue
options.
8.2NumberofExits,ExitWidthandEgressDistance
TheBuildingCodeofAustraliaandtheAcceptableSolutionstotheNZBCcomprehensivelycoverthenumberofexits,minimumexitwidthsandmaximumegressdistancesforapartmentbuildings.Iftheegresscharacteristicsofabuildingarenotfireengineeredfromfirstprinciples,thenitisrecommendedthatthecoderequirementsbeusedasdefaultvalues.
ThefollowingisasummaryoftheBuildingCodeofAustralia(ABCB,1996)andthe
AcceptableSolutionstotheNZBC(BIA,1991)requirements.ThesummaryappliestoClass2buildings(BCA)andSRPurposeGroupbuildings(AcceptableSolutionstoNZBC).
8.2.1AcceptableSolutionstoNZBC
PrescriptiveegressrequirementsforSRpurposegroups.
Minimumnumberofescaperoutes
Upto100beds
2
Over100beds
2plus1forevery100beds,orpart
thereofover100.
Minimumwidth
Horizontaltravel
Verticaltravel
Basedonactivity
850mm
1000mm
Basedonoccupantload
7mm/person
9mm/person
Deadendopenpath
Totalopenpath
Protectedpath
24m
60m
60m
TheAcceptableSolutionstotheNZBCmaximumegressdistancesareforSRpurpose
groups.Theopenpathdistanceiscalculatedfromthefurthermostpointinsidetheapartment.Openpathlengthsandhorizontalsafepathlengthscanbeincreasedby:
15%whereheatdetectorsareinstalled
50%wheresprinklersareinstalled
100%wheresmokedetectorsareinstalled
100%wheretheoccupantdensitydoesnotexceed0.05people/m2
8.2.2BuildingCodeofAustralia
Theclausesforthenumberofexits,exit-traveldistancesandthedimensionsofexitpaths,extractedfromtheBCA,arelocatedinAppendixB.
Insummary:
Allbuildingsrequireatleastoneexit.Buildingsover25mhighrequiretwoexits.
Themaximumallowableexittraveldistancemaygovernthenumberofexits.
Themaximumtraveldistancefromasole-occupancyunitis6m,toapointwhere
travelindifferentdirectionstotwoexitsisavailable.Themaximumdistance
betweenalternativeexitsis45m.
Theminimumwidthofanexitis1.0mor1.8minapassageway.Theminimum
widthoftheexitincreaseswhenoccupantnumbersareinexcessof100ona
storey.
8.3BuildingConstructionandPassiveProtection
Allapartmentbuildingswillhaveafireresistanceratingforbuildingstructureandfirebarriers.ThisfireresistancecaneitherbedeterminedfromtherelevantBuildingCodeorthroughafireengineeringanalysis.
Passiveprotectionisoneofthemostimportantelementsinthepreventionoffirespreadandlimitingfiresize.Bybreakingupthebuildingintoverticalandhorizontalcompartments,thefuelisbrokendownintosmallerunitsthatwillreducethepotentialfiresize.Passiveprotectionisalsoessentialinpreventingandlimitingsmokespreadthroughthebuilding.
Inthecontextofthisreport,themainobjectiveforpassiveprotectionistolimitthefireandsmoketotheapartmentoffireoriginoratleasttheflooroffireorigin.Thiswillreducethethreattootheroccupantsinthebuilding,andprovideenoughtimeforthemescape,orforthefirebrigadetosuppressthefire.
Thecompartmentandstructuralfireresistanceratingofanapartmentcanbedeterminedfromthetimeequivalenceformula.Byusingthismethod,anapartmentshouldbedesignedtocontainafireuntilcompleteburnout.Thisshouldthereforeensurethefiredoesnotspreadbeyondtheapartmentoforigin.
Fireseparationandcompartmentationreliesondoors,walls,floors,ceilings,glazing,smokedampersandconstructionunits(Bukowskietal,1999).Foreffectivepassiveprotectionthesefactorsneedtobeinspected,testedandmaintainedregularly.Itisrecommendedthatselfclosersbeusedondoorsthatopenintocommonareas,topreventfireandsmokespreadfromapartmentstocommonareasorescapepaths.
Thereisverylittleliteratureonthereliabilityofpassiveprotection(Bukowskietal,1999).Asurveyofexpertshasestimatedthereliabilityofpassiveprotectiontobe95%forconstructionwithnoopenings,and90%forconstructionwithopeningsandwithself-closers(FCRC,1996).Similarly,aDelphigroupstudyintheUKestimatedthereliabilityofmasonryandgypsumconstructiontohaveareliabilityof81%and69%respectively(Bukow
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