A Corpusbased Study on Linguistic Features of BE and AE.docx
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A Corpusbased Study on Linguistic Features of BE and AE.docx
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ACorpusbasedStudyonLinguisticFeaturesofBEandAE
ACorpus-basedStudyonLinguisticFeaturesofB.E.andA.E.
1.Introduction
Languageispowerful,colorfulandmeaningfulinvariousaspectssuchasmathematics,chemistry,physics,etc.Nounstakeupalargeproportionoftheentirelexicalsystem.Withthedevelopmentofcross-culturalcommunication,wordshavebeenenrichedwithmoremeaningseitherinconnotationorinimplication.Whateverlanguageisfullofsynonyms,whichaddsgreatcharmbothtodailycommunicationandtoessaywriting,andmakesourexpressionmoreinterestingandmorepersuasive.Asisknowntoall,sincetheoldEnglishcolonistssettleddowninAmerica,Englishbeganitsnewevolutioninthatbrand-newera.Wehavemanyvariantsinpronunciation,spellingandmeaningofEnglishlanguage.Forexample,thepronunciationofword“hard”is/hrd/inAmericawhile/h:
d/inBritain;“Colour”isspelledintheformof“color”inAmerica;thephrase“onthetable”means“somethingissubmittedfordiscussion”inBritainwhileinAmerica,itmeans“somethingislaidaside”.Theseinterestingphenomena,existinginEnglish,arecloselyrelatedtohistoryandculture,anditisrathercomplexwithinthescopeoflinguisticstudy.
Asforeignlanguagelearners,wearesupposedtoacquireasmanyidiomaticexpressionsaspossible,whichisneveraneasyjoboutsidenativelanguageenvironment.ManyexpressionshavelongbeenconventionalityinEnglish-speakingcountries,suchexpressionsas“Howareyougoing?
”,“It’sfine,isn’tit?
”,etc.Twowords—“friend”and“buddy”,prevailinginEnglish,areneverunfamiliartousandreallyappealtomanyprofoundthoughtsinmymind.Thereareso-calledsynonymsinlinguistics,butusedinabsolutelydifferentcontexts.BothinoralEnglishandwrittenEnglish,thesetwowordsappearindifferentcontextofuse,especiallyforthepurposeofbeingformalorbeingcasual.Obviously,thisthought-provokinglanguagephenomenonhadbeeninexistenceforalongtime.Thethesiswillfinallydirectat,firstly,ageneralviewofsynonymsinA.E&B.E,andsecondly,comparativelyanalysisofthedisparityandequivalenceofbuddy&friendinthescopeoflinguistics.
2.AgeneralviewofphenomenonofsynonymyinA.E&B.E
2.1Wordsofsynonymyininter&intro-languages
Languageisdazzlinglyrichandcolorfulinsentenceforms,inexpressivemeaningsandespeciallyinsynonyms.Obviously,eachlanguagehasitsownuniquefeaturesthoughinmanyaspectslanguagessharecommongroundinthisglobe.Intra-languagesynonymyreferstothefactthateachlanguageitselfcontainsalargequantityofsynonyms.Forexample,“Becarefulwhenyougoupthestairs.”Inthissentence,theword“careful”canbesubstitutedfor“cautious”,“heedful”,“watchful”,etc.Inter-languagesynonymyreferstosynonymsamongmultiplelanguages.Forinstance,theEnglishword“apple”hasthesamemeaningas“pomme”inFrench,“Apfel”inGerman,“mela”inItalian,“manzana”inSpanishand“苹果”inChinese.Theequivalenceofmeaninghasbeenthroughoutfromonelanguagetoanothersincethefastdevelopmentofcross-culturalcommunicationinhistory.Aparticularobjecthasitsownspecificnameinacertainlanguage,sosynonymyenricheslanguageexpressionsinhumansocietyandthusitbecomesaveryinterestinglinguisticphenomenoninlanguagestudy.Inthispart,theauthorisabouttomakearesearchonsynonymsinA.E&B.Eandrichsourcesofsentencescontainingbuddy&friendinCOCAandBNC.
2.2SynonymsinA.E&B.E
EvenifitisinEnglishitself,therearesynonymsinAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglish.Weknowthatifonewantstotalkwithanotherone,hewilltelephonesomeone.Besides“telephone”,“ring”and“call”sharethesamemeaning,buttheBritishusetheword“ring”whileintheU.S“call”isfrequentlyused.Whenjuvenilelovesproutsbetweentwoyoungchildren,inBritainpeopleoftensay“lad-and-girllove”whileinAmericaitis“boy-and-girllove”.Thereisformasfollows,showingthesynonymsinAmericanEnglishandinBritishEnglish.Thesepairsarecalleddialectalsynonyms.
Table1
SynonymslistedinA.E&B.E
AmericanEnglish
BritishEnglish
antenna
Aerial
apartment
Flat
fall
Autumn
ashcan
dustbin
baggage
Luggage
automobile
motorcar
bankbill
banknote
can
Tin
store
Shop
drawers
Pants
Thepopularityofusing“baggage”and“luggage”intwocountriesisalmostthesame,butwhenAmericansuse“luggage”,theymeanalargeleathersuitcase.Bank-billreferstomoneyintheU.SwhileinBritainitmeansbillofexchangebetweenbanksandbank-notesharesthesamemeaningwithbank-bill.Theword“store”inAmericaisroughlyequalto“shop”inBritain.Generallyspeaking,departmentstorehasalargerscaleofmanagementthananordinaryshop,soitispropertocallaverymuchbiggershopadepartmentstore,andthus“departmentstore”becomespopularinBritain.AsoftenasnotinAmericanEnglish“fellow”directsatsuchmalepeopleasaman,aboy,aboyfriendoranassociate.Theyalsouse“guy”tocallafriend.ButtheBritishuse“bloke”or“chap”insteadof“guy”,as“guy”referstotheeccentrics.
2.3Corpus-drivensynonymexplorationinA.E&B.Einthecaseofbuddy&friend
Corpusresearchbecomespossiblewiththehelpofcomputersintowhichthosetruelanguagematerialsareinputbyanalysisandclassification.TheCorpusofContemporaryAmericanEnglishandtheBritishNationalCorpusaretwofamouscorpussourcesinEnglish-speakingcounties.Linguistscollectandclassifysentencesthatincludeacertainwordoractasidiomaticexpressionsandthuscreateatreasure-houseforlinguisticstudy.Inthethesis,theauthorusescorpustoexploretwowordsintheauthenticlanguage&context,aimingtoseekforthecomingoftwowordswiththesamemeaninginB.E&A.E;theirdifferentlinguisticfeatures;theirdifferenceinconnotationandincontextsofB.E&A.E.
2.3.1BuddyandfriendinwrittenEnglish
LetusseesomeexamplesprovidedinthesecorpusesofCOCA&BNC:
(1)“Friend”inCOCA
Academic:
Howdidhehaveahardlife?
"thebusinessmanasked.Nowmyfriendwasonthedefensive.Iknewhedidnotgetalongwithhisfather(AmerScholar1990)
Fiction:
WouldshelikeDadtobewithher?
WouldshelikehergoodfriendBettyMorsetobecalled?
MotherlistenedtothetimbreofGrandma'svoice(Atlantic1990)
(2)“friend”inBNC
Academic:
anopenquestion,discussedinChapters11and12.THEFOREIGNINVESTOR:
FRIENDORFOE?
Theattitudesofgovernmentstoprivateforeigninvestorsandtothelocal(A6MW_ac_polit_law_edu)
Fiction:
hewrote,andGoldberg,hiseyeracingdownthepagecoveredinhisfriend'stinyhandwriting,pausedtosipfromtheglassoffreshorange-juiceathis…(A08W_fict_prose)
(3)“buddy”inCOCA
Academic:
Tellingstudentsthattheycaneithercompletetheirassignmentsaloneorwitha"buddy"mayreducesomeofthenoncompliancethatoccurswhentasksareassigned.Likewise…(ACADMusicEduc1992)
Fiction:
…ridingstuntstheyusetoday,howhe'dbeenD.W.Griffith'sdrinkingbuddy,howhesavedTomMix'slifeontheSacramentoRiver.Itwas…(FICTriquarterly1990)
(4)“buddy”inBNC
Academic:
…safetyhasresultedinthedrug'suseinpaediatricsandasabattlefield"buddydrug."Itsmainproblemisthatitcancausepsychologicaldissociation,resulting…(CJGW_ac_polit_law_edu)
Fiction:
favourite,right?
Thecasualwinkfromyou,thecheerysalutefromyourbuddy,theyou-rascal-yousmilesofrecognitionfromyourworkmates.Nowisn'tthisa…(BN1W_fict_prose)
Atthefirstblushthefrequencyofappearanceof“friend”inwrittenmaterialsexceedthatof“buddy”inbothCOCAandBNC.InBNConlytwotermsareembodiedinacademicmaterials.Thetotalfrequencyof“buddy”inallwrittenmaterialsofBNCis249whileinCOCAitis6701(muchsmallerthanthatof“friend”)[referencetototalfrequency]
2.3.2BuddyandfriendinoralEnglish
Actually,“buddy”isfavorablyusedinoralEnglishintheU.S.AsAmericanmoviesbecomeratherprevalent,wehavesuchachancetoknowmoreaboutthiscountryanditsculturethroughtheirdialogues.Itisverymuchinformalindailycommunication,sotalkingmannersaresosimpleandcasualthatpeoplewillnotfeeldistantamongothers.InBritain,“buddy”isnotsofrequentlyused.PossiblysuchphenomenondealswiththeBritishpeople’srigorousnessandrigidnessinhistory.
HereletusseesomeexamplesinspokenEnglish:
“Friend”inCOCA
(1)…themanwillstoptakingyourpicture.Youbetit'syourbestfriend.Roger,gothroughthemajorpointsforus,whatyoushoulddo…(ABC20201990)
(2)what?
Well,I,unlikethetyrannicalDonaldson,amasteadfastfriendoftheFirstAmendmentandIbelievethatallrestrictionsoncampaigngivingandspending(SPOKABC-Brinkley1990)
(4)“friend”inBNC
…dashforgas,that'swhatprivatizationresultsin,thequickbuck,buddycanyouspareapoundforthewatermeter,VATonfuel,how…(HDTS_speech_scripted)
(5)“buddy”inCOCA
BecauseIdon'tknowoffhand.I'veaskedJeffreytoaskafriendaboutitwho'sasolicitorifheknowsanybodybutIc,I…(D97S_meeting)
(6)“buddy”inBNC
…withMomgone?
Missingherjustbeingthere.She'syourbuddy,huh?
Yeah.Yousharethingswithher?
Yes(ABC20201990)
Informativefunctionisthemajorroleoflanguage.Interpersonalfunctionisthemostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguage,bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.Soindailylife,wordingisascience,especiallywhenyoumeetsomeonewhoyoulikeorwhoyouhate.
Inordertoexpatiatethefrequencyofbuddyandfriend,theauthorexploresitwiththehelpofCOCA&BNC,findingoutthatfriendismorefreq
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