onnegativepragmatictransferininterculturalcommunication学士学位论文.docx
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onnegativepragmatictransferininterculturalcommunication学士学位论文
OnNegativePragmaticTransferin
InterculturalCommunication
Abstract
Theterm"transfer"isfirstdefinedbybehavioriststorefertotheprocessofautomatic,uncontrolledandsubconscioususeofpastlearnedbehaviorintheattempttoproducenewresponses.Pragmatictransferisoneoftheimportantcontentsofinterlanguagepragmaticsstudy.Accordingtothepragmaticknowledgetransferred,pragmatictransfercanbedividedintopragmalinguistictransferandsociopragmatictransfer.Accordingtoeffectsarisingfrompragmatictransfer,itcanalsobedevidedintopositivetransferandnegativepragmatictransfer.Andtheacrosslanguageandcross-culturalresearchesoflanguagelearninghaveconstantlyrevealedthelearners'negativetransferfromnativelanguagetotargetlanguage,whichimpedesleaners'study.
Onthebasisofthepreviousresearches,thispaperbeginswiththedefinitionandunderstandingofthetermslikepragmatictransfer,interculturalcommunication,andintroducesthecurrentsituationofnegativepragmatictransferresearch.Then,theauthoranalyzestheprimarymanifestationsofnegativepragmatictransferatthelevelsoflexis,syntax,text,values,politenessstrategies,socialcontactcustomsandthoughtpatternsfromlanguageandsocialaspects.Finally,somecorrespondingstrategiesareputup,thatis,toenforcetheteachers'andthelearners'understandingofnegativetransfer,toencouragelearnerstothinkinnativewaysandtocomparethedifferencebetweentheChineseandWesternculture.Peoplecannotonlypromotelanguageacquisitionandteaching,butalsohelptoreducemisunderstandingsandfailuresininterculturalcommunicationbyknowingthespecificpragmatictransferinreallifeandsomerelevantstrategies.
Keywords:
interculturalcommunication;pragmatictransfer;negativepragmatictransfer;strageties
摘要
“迁移”最初由行为主义心理学家提出,指在学习新知识的过程中,对已有的知识进行自动的潜意识的利用过程。
语言迁移是语际语用学所研究的重要内容,根据所迁移的语用知识,语用迁移可以划分为语用语言负迁移与语用社会负迁移两类;根据迁移所产生的效用划分,语用迁移通常还可以分为:
语用正迁移和语用负迁移。
言语学习的跨语言、跨文化研究不断的揭示出学生从母语到目标语的负迁移现象,对学习者起阻碍作用。
本文基于前人对语用负迁移的优秀成果,首先阐述了“语用迁移”,“跨文化交际”等概念的定义,并回顾了语用迁移研究的现状。
接下来,从语言与社会层面上分析了语用负迁移在词汇、句法、篇章、价值观、礼貌策略、社会习俗、思维方式上的具体体现。
最后,作者在以上分析的基础上,提出了相应的对策:
鼓励学生用目标语思维,加深教师和学生对负迁移的认识和理解,同时对比中西文化差异,以促进英语学习和教学。
了解语用负迁移在现实中的具体体现和相应的应对策略,不仅能促进语言的习得与教学,还有助于减少跨文化交际中的误解与失败。
关键词:
跨文化交际;语用迁移;语用负迁移;对策
Contents
AbstractI
摘要II
Introduction1
Chapter1LiteratureReview3
1.1PragmaticTransfer3
1.1.1DefinitionofPragmatics3
1.1.2DefinitionofPragmaticTransfer4
1.2InterculturalCommunication5
1.2.1DefinitionofInterculturalCommunication5
1.2.2PragmaticTransferandInterculturalCommunication6
1.3ReviewofStudiesonNegativePragmaticTransfer7
Chapter2ManifestationsofNegativePragmaticTransferinInterculturalCommunication10
2.1LanguageAspects10
2.1.1LexicalTransfer10
2.1.2SyntacticTransfer13
2.1.3NegativeTransferinDiscourseandTexts16
2.2SocialAspects18
2.2.1NegativeTransferinValues18
2.2.3NegativeTransferinSocialContactCustom19
2.2.4NegativeTransferinThoughtPatterns20
Chapter3StrategiestoReduceNegativePragmaticTransfer22
3.1ToEnforceTeachers'andtheLearners'UnderstandingofNegativeTransfer22
3.2ToEncourageLearnerstoThinkinNativeWays23
3.3ToMakeaComparisonbetweenEnglishandChineseCultures24
Conclusion26
Bibliography27
Acknowledgements28
Appendix29
Introduction
ResearchBackground
Withtherapidexpansionofworldwidetransportationandcommunicationnetwork,theworldisbecomingsmallerandsmaller,andischaracterizedasa"globalvillage".Theinternationalanddomesticchangesinthepastfewdecadeshavebroughtusintodirectandindirectcontactwithpeoplewho,becauseoftheirculturaldiversity,oftenbehaveinwaysthatwedonotunderstand.Itisnolongerdifficulttofindsocialandprofessionalsituationsinwhichmembersofonceisolatedgroupsofpeoplescommunicatewithmembersofotherculturalgroups.Nowthesepeoplemaylivethousandsofmilesawayorrightnextdoortoeachother.Inotherwords,interculturalcommunicationprevailsintheso-calledglobalvillage.
Inrecentyears,thegrowthinforeigntravelforbusiness,studyandpleasure,theexpansionofinternationaltradeandmigrationofpeopleseekingworkinthemultinationalcompanieshavenaturallyledtoaconcomitantincreaseincontactsacrossnationalboundaries.Whentherearesignificantdifferencesinbackgroundknowledge,eventhesamemessagemaybeinterpreteddifferentlybydifferentindividuals.Thismaycausetroubleinanysituationofcontactbetweenthem.It'sthefailureofcommunication.Suchmiscommunicationisaretrospectiverecognitionwhichoneperson'sintentionshavenotbeeninterpretedaccuratelybyanotherparticipant.Andmostmiscommunicationderivesfrompragmaticfailuresininterculturalcommunicationandattractsmuchattention.
Therearealotofforeignscholarswhostudiedthisaspect,suchasCharlesMorris(1938),Levinson(1983),Thomas(1983),KasperG(1992),Driven,R.D.&Putz,M(1993),Blum-Kulka(1993),Samovar(1994),ChenGuoming&Starasta(1998),andHeZhaoxiong(2000).InChina,monographsinthisareaathomearemanylikeCultureandCommunication(HuWenzhong1994),TheResearchofPragmaticinChina(ShenJiaxuan1996),InterculturalCommunication(FeiYuxin1997),Pragmatics(HuZhuanglin1980),DiscussiononPragmaticTransfer(PangHaolong2000),LanguageTransferandSecondLanguageAcquisition(YuLiming2004),PragmaticTransferinInterculturalLanguageCommunication(ZhangBigangandXiaHongzhong2008),PragmaticTransferinInterculturalCommunication(LiuJianhuai2009)andsoon.
Overall,thesestudiesnotonlyprovideuswithmoreinsightsintopragmatictransfer,butbuildupafundamentalbasisforthefuturestudyonit.
ResearchSubjectandSignificance
Basedonthepreviousstudies,thisthesismainlyexploresthenegativepragmatictransferfromthelevelsoflexis,syntax,text,values,politenessstrategies,socialcontactcustomsandthoughtpatternsfromlanguageandsocialaspects.Then,theauthorputsupsomestrategies,i.e.,toenforcetheteachers'andthelearners'understandingofnegativetransfer,toencouragelearnerstothinkinnativewaysandtocomparethedifferencebetweentheChineseandWesternculture.ItishopedthattheanalysisofnegativepragmatictransferinthisthesiswillbeextremelyusefulineffectivelybreakingculturalbarriersandforenhancingmutualunderstandingbetweenChinaandtheWesterncountries.
OrganizationoftheThesis
Therearefivepartsinthisthesis:
Introduction,ChapterOne,ChapterTwo,ChapterThreeandConclusion.Intheintroduction,theauthorsketchesthewholethesis,whichincludesresearchbackground,researchsubjectandsignificanceandorganizationofthethesis.ChapterOnereviewsthenegativepragmatictransferstudyabroadandhome,alongwiththedefinitionofpragmatictransferandinterculturalcommunication.ChapterTwoanalyzesthemajormanifestationsofnegativepragmaticfromlanguageandsocialaspects.ChapterThreeputsupsomecorrespondingstrategiestolessennegativetransferintheprocessoflanguagelearningandteaching.IntheConclusion,theauthorsumsupherstudyandpointsoutthelimitationsinthestudy.
Chapter1LiteratureReview
Inthischapter,abriefstatementofpragmatics,interculturalcommunicationandnegativetransferwillbemade.Thishopefullyprovidestheoreticalbackgroundforanalyzingpragmatictransferinchaptertwo.
1.1PragmaticTransfer
Tounderstandpragmatictransfer,itisnecessarytounderstandpragmaticsandnegativetransfer.
1.1.1DefinitionofPragmatics
Asanyothersubjects,pragmaticsshouldhaveitsowndefinition.WhenthephilosopherCharlesMorris(1938:
6)firstusedthetermpragmatics,itisjustoneofthethreebranchesofsemiotics(withthetwoothersistertermsofsyntacyics/syntaxandsemantics),beingthestudyof"therelationofsignstointerpreters"and"itdealswiththebioticaspectsofsemiosis,thatis,withallthepsycholigical,biological,andsociologicalphenomenawhichoccurinfunctioningofsigns"(1938:
108).Ofcoursethiscoversamuchwiderscopethanthecurrentlinguisticpragmatics.
Forthepresentnotionofpragmatics,it'sanoeasytasktoprovideasatisfsctorydefinition.AccordingtoLevinson(1983:
6-27),"itisnoteasytogiveafinaldefinitiontopragmatics".Helistedabouttenpossibledefinitionsandgavehisowncomments.Herejustseveralofthemwerechosentohaveageneralideaofwhatispragmatics:
Definition1:
"Pragmaticsisthestudyofthoserelationsbetweenlanguageandcontextthataregrammaticalized,orencodedinthestructureofalanguage."
Definition2:
"Pragmaticsisthestudyofallthoseaspectsofmeaningnotcapturedinasementictheory."
Definition3:
"Pragmaticsisthestudyoftherelationsbetweenlanguageandcontextthatarebasictoanaccountoflanguageunderstanding."
Definition4:
"Pragmaticsisthestudyoftheabilityoflanguageuserstopairsentenceswiththecontextinwhichtheywouldbeappropriate."
Definition5:
"Pragmaticsisthestudyofdeixis(atleastinpart),implicature,presupposition,speechacts,andaspectsofdiscoursestructure."
ThoughLevinsonlistedaseriesofpossiblledefinitions,hethoughttherewasnotadefinitionwhichwasverysatisfactoryamongthem.
Meygavehisdefinitionofpragmaticsas"Pragmaticsstudiestheuseoflanguageinhumancommunicationasdeterminedbytheconditionsofsociety"(1993:
5).AndThomaspresentedaviewofpragmaticsas"meaningininteraction"(1995:
22).
Fromthesedefinitions,itcanbeeasilyseen
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