软件工程课后习题答案.docx
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软件工程课后习题答案.docx
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软件工程课后习题答案
软件工程课后习题答案
Chapter1
1.1)ThedefinitionforsoftwarepresentedinSection1.2appliestotheWebsites.Thereare,however,subtledifferencesbetweenaWebsiteandconventionalsoftware.AmongthemostimportantarethatthecontentthataWebsitepresentsisconsideredtobepartoftheWebApplicationwhilethatdataprocessedbyconventionalsoftwareisoftenconsideredtobeseparatefromtheprocessingfunctionsdelivered.
1.4)Whowouldhavethoughtthatsoftwarewouldleadto:
(1)achangeinthedatinghabitsofmanyyoungpeople(Internetdating);
(2)thewaypeoplemunicate(cellphones);(3)methodsofwarfare(cyberweapons);(4)thediagnosisofdiseases(MRIsandrelatedputer-baseddiagnosticdevices),and(5)themannerinwhichpeopleacquireandenjoymedia(music,DVDs,etc.).
1.6)TheLawofConservationofFamiliarity:
Asthesystemevolvestheusersengineers,developersallthoseassociatedmusthavethepleteknowledgeofthecontentandbehaviortoachievesatisfactoryresults.Increaseingrowthmaydiminishthatknowledge(mastery);hencetheaverageincreaseingrowthremainsinvariantasthesystemevolves.
1.7)Manymodernapplicationschangefrequentlybeforetheyarepresentedtotheenduserandthenafterthefirstversionshavebeenused.Afewwaystobuildsoftwaretostopdeteriorationduetochangewouldbe:
∙Makesurethatsoftwareisdesignedsothatchangesinonepartofaprogramdonotcreateside-effectsinanotherpartoftheprogram.
∙Makesurethatsoftwareisdesignedsothatitdoesnotdependonexternaldevicesorsystemsthatarelikelytochangewithtime.
∙Makesuretestcasesandresultsarearchivedandavailablesothatthesoftwarecanberetestedwhenchangesaremade.
∙Makesureyouspendtimeunderstandingwhatthecustomerwants.
1.8)Thetwobroadestcategoriesenpassrisksassociatedwitheconomiclossandriskstothewellbeingofpeople.Itmightbeagoodideatoselectfiverisks(culledfromthesourcesnoted)andpresentthemtotheclass.Lookforhumorousaswellasseriousrisks.
1.9)Thesameapproachtosoftwareengineeringcanbeappliedforeachofthesixcategories,butitmustbeadaptedtoacmodatethespecialrequirementsofeachcategory.
1.10)Thereareliterallydozensofreallifecircumstancestochoosefrom.Forexample,softwareerrorsthathavecausedmajortelephonenetworkstofail,failuresinavionicsthathavecontributedtoplanecrashes,puterviruses(e.g.,Michelangelo)thathavecausedsignificanteconomiclossesandattacksonmajore-mercesites.
1.11)TheLawofDecliningQuality:
Thequalityofsystemswilldeclineunlesstheyaremaintainedbyvariousprocedurestoadapttotheenvironmentalchanges.Thisconceptissimilartothe“deterioration”discussedinProblem1-5.
1.12)TheLawofConservationofOrganizationalStability:
Theaverageeffectiveglobalactivityrateisinvariantoverthelifetimeofaproduct.
Chapter2
2.1)
Pattern:
munication
Intent:
Toestablishacollaborativerelationshipwiththecustomerinanefforttodefineprojectscope,businessrequirementsandotherprojectconstraints.”
Type:
Stagepattern
Initialcontext:
(1)Appropriatestakeholdershavebeenidentifiedandarewillingtoparticipateinmunication
(2)Stakeholdersagreethataproblemexistsandthatsoftwaremayprovideasolution
Problem:
Requirementsmustbeelicitedfromstakeholdersandorganizedinawaythatcanbeusedbysoftwareengineers.Allstakeholdersmustcollaboratetodefinerequirementsandtoidentifythoseareaswhererequirementsareuncertain.
Solution:
Eachstakeholdermustdevelopadescriptionofthefunctions,features,informationandbehaviorthatareexhibitedbythesoftware.Toacplishthis,astructured,facilitatedmeetingisconducted.Formoredetails,seeSections7.3,7.4and7.5.
ResultingContext:
Whenthispatternhasbeensuccessfullypleted,basicinformationrequiredforthedevelopmentofananalysismodelhasbeenacquiredanddocumentedinsomemanner.Use-cases(userscenarios)havebeendeveloped,alongwithbasicdescriptionsofsystemfunctionandbehaviorandthedataobjectsthataretobemanipulatedand/orproduced/
RelatedPatterns:
Conductedameeting;requirementgathering;developinguse-cases;buildingamini-spec;negotiatingrequirements,prioritization.
KnownUses/Examples:
municationismandatoryatthebeginningofeverysoftwareproject;isremendedthroughoutthesoftwareproject;andismandatoryoncethedeploymentactivityisunderway.
2.2)Processassessmentexaminesthesoftwareprocessusedbyanorganizationtodeterminewhetheritiseffectiveinachievingsoftwareengineeringgoals.Theassessmentcharacterizesthecurrentpracticewithinanorganizationalunitintermsofthecapabilityoftheselectedprocesses.TheSPICE(ISO/IEC15504)standarddefinesasetofrequirementsforsoftwareprocessassessment.Toacplishtheassessment,SPICEspecifiesa“referencemodel”thatexaminesthepurposeandmeasurableobjectivesoftheprocess(the“processdimension”)andthesetofprocessattributesthatshouldbepresent(the“capabilitydimension”).
2.4)TaskSetformunicationActivity:
Atasksetwoulddefinetheactualworktobedonetoacplishtheobjectivesofasoftwareengineeringaction.Forthemunicationactivitytheseare:
1.Makealistofstakeholdersfortheproject
2.Inviteallthestakeholderstoaninformalmeeting
3.Askthemtomakealistoffeaturesandfunctions
4.Discussrequirementsandbuildafinallist
5.Prioritizerequirementsandnotetheareasthatstakeholdersareuncertainof
Thesetasksmaybeexpandedforaplexsoftwareproject,theymaythenconsiderthefollowing:
∙Toconductaseriesofspecificationmeetings,buildapreliminarylistoffunctionsandfeaturesbasedonstakeholderinput.
∙Tobuildarevisedlistofstakeholderrequirementsusequalityfunctiondeploymenttechniquestopriotizetherequirements.
∙Noteconstraintsandrestrictionsonthesystem.
∙Discussmethodsforvalidatingsystem.
2.5)TheCMMIrepresentsaprocessmetamodelin2differentways—thecontinuousandthestagedmodel.TheprosoftheCMMI:
prehensive,addressingvirtuallyeveryaspectofprocess;well-organized;adoptedwidely.Thecons:
voluminous;overkillformanytypesofprojects;agilityisquestionable.AlthoughthespiritoftheCMMIshouldalwaysbeadopted,eachprocessmustbeadaptedtomeettheneedsoftheprojectteamandtoachievehighqualityintheendproduct.TherequirementsoftheCMMIshouldbeappliedtoallprocessmodels,butfailuretomeetaspecificcriterionshouldnotnecessarilymeanthattheprocessis“bad.”ItmaybethattheCMMIisrightinsituationsinwhichanorganizationalcultureisamendabletothestandardprocessmodelsandmanagementismittedtomakingitasuccess.Howeveritmaybetoomuchforanorganizationtosuccessfullyassimilate.ThismeansthatCMMIwhichisrightforonepanyculturemaynotberightforanother.
2.6)Processframeworkisapplicabletoalltheprojects;hencethesameframeworkactivitiesareappliedforallprojects,regardlessoftheproject’ssizeorplexity.Aprocessframeworkinvolvesheavymunicationwiththecustomertogatherrequirements;thisactivityestablishesaplanforthesoftwareengineeringworkthatfollows.Itinvolvescreationofmodelsthatwillassistthedeveloperandthecustomertounderstandtherequirementsanddesignthem;ittherebyinvolvesconstruction(codegenerationanderrortesting).Itfinallyprovidesfeedbackbasedontheevaluation.
2.7)Umbrellaactivitiesoccurthroughoutthesoftwareprocessbuttheyarenotnecessarilyappliedevenlyacrosstheprocess.Forexample,thereisaheavyconcentrationonriskanalysisduringprojectplanning,andriskanalysisisthenrevisitedduringlaterframeworkactivities,butitisnotappliedevenlyduringtheseactivities.Ontheotherhand,SQAisappliedfairlyevenlyforallprocessactivities.
2.8)Thesupportphaseisapplieddifferentlyforembeddedsoftware.Inmostcases,embeddedsoftwareisdefinedanddeveloped,butonceitisplacedinitshostenvironment,itisnotlikelytochangeuntilanewreleaseoftheproductoccurs.
2.9)
a)Designersshouldaskusers:
∙Whatdoyouwantthisproducttoacplish?
∙Whatkeyoutputsareproducedbythesoftware?
∙Whatfunctionsandfeaturesareyoulookingfor?
∙Whatoutputs,functionsandfeaturesarelikelytochangeoverthenext6months,1year.
∙ArethereanyquestionsthatIshouldhaveasksthatIdidn’t?
∙Howwillyoudetermineifwhatwebuiltiswhatyouwanted?
b)Usersshouldaskasdesigners:
∙HaveImademyneedscleartoyou?
∙Dowehavethetoolsandpeoplewithskillsrequiredforthedevelopment?
∙Aretherequirementsproperlydefined,areadditionalrequirementsneeded.
∙Aretheproductfeaturesandfunctionsachievableintheallottedtime?
∙Haveyoutalkedtootherclassesofusers?
c)Usersshouldaskthemselvesaboutthesoftwareproductthatistobebuilt:
∙HaveIaskedformorethanI’llreallyneed?
∙HaveIsetdeadlinesthatareunrealistic?
∙AmIunsureofcertainfunctionsandfeatures?
∙Wouldaprototypebehelpfulforcertainfunctionsandfeatures?
∙AmImittedtoworkwiththesoftwaredesignersoverthelonghaul?
d)Designersshouldaskthemselvesaboutsoftwareproductthatistobebuiltandtheprocessthatwillusedtobuildit:
∙DoIunderstandthescopeandpurposeofthesoftware?
∙DoIunderstandthedesignissuesandconstraints?
∙Whattoolsaretobeused?
∙DoIunderstandthetechnologyandbusinessareathatthesoftwareistoaddress?
∙Haveweestablishedqualitycriteriathatcanbeusedtojudgeourwork?
2.11)Scriptsdefinespecificprocessactivities(i.e.,projectlaunch,d
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