从称赞应答语看中美文化差异.docx
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从称赞应答语看中美文化差异.docx
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从称赞应答语看中美文化差异
Title:
AnAnalysisonComparisonBetweenChinaandAmericaonCultureFromComplimentResponses
题目:
从称赞应答语看中美文化差异
摘要
语言是社会交际的工具,语言的使用反映着一个社会文化生活的方方面面。
任何语言不仅体现该民族的风土人情、文化习惯以及历史的演变和发展,而且还蕴藏着该民族的人生观、生活方式和思维模式。
简而言之,根植于不同社会文化历史背景下的不同民族,其语言习惯相差甚远。
其中,称赞语作为一种社交语言即社会交际用语,不同文化背景自然产生不同的称赞语模式。
同时,作为一种配对性结构,称赞与回应的共现又反映着不同的文化渊源。
也就是说:
被称赞人必须对称赞做出回应——接受或拒绝。
在不同文化背景的影响下,人们的称赞内容、运用的场合及对象、形式对比、价值观念、采取的礼貌原则以及应答语的模式也会存在着差异。
如果不了解文化之间的差异,跨文化交际就会因语用失误产生交际障碍,甚至导致交际失败。
因此,文章拟从中美两国的称赞语及其应答模式,看中美文化的差异。
以其能尽量避免语用失误,更好地促进两国人民的交流。
关键词:
称赞语;应答语;模式;文化对比;分析
Abstract
Languageisatoolofsocialcommunication,whoseusereflectsvariousaspectsoftheculturallifeofaspecificsociety.Anylanguagenotonlyembodiesthecustoms,culturalhabits,historicalevolutionanddevelopmentoftheracespeakingthatlanguage,butalsocontainsthephilosophy,lifestyleandwayofthinkingofthatrace.Simplyput,differentraces,basedondifferentsocialculturesandhistoricalbackgrounds,willproducedifferentlanguages.Itisalsonaturalthatcomplimentsderivingfromdifferentculturalbackgroundswillgeneratedifferentpatternsintermsoftheiruseandresponses.Meanwhile,asanadjacencypair,thecoexistenceofcomplimentsandresponsesinturnreflectsdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Inotherwords,personcomplimentedmustrespond—eitheracceptorrefuse.Underdifferentculturalbackgrounds,thecontents,contextsandobjectsforms,conceptofvalue,theprincipleofpolitenessofcomplimentsandtheirresponsesdiffer.Amisunderstandingofthedifferencebetweencultureswillleadtoconflictsevenfailureincommunication.So,thispapertriestomakeanelementaryprobeintothesimilarityanddifferenceofSino-UScomplimentsandtheirresponsesfromtheperspectiveofsocialculturewiththehopethatpragmaticmistakescouldbeavoidedtofacilitatethecommunicationbetweenpeopleofthetwocountries.
Keywords:
compliment;response;pattern;culturalcontrast;analysis
Contents
Chapter1Introduction..................................................................................................1
Chapter2ConceptofComplimentResponses............................................................2
Chapter3ComparisonsBetweenChineseandAmericanComplimentResponsesinDifferentContext...................................................................................4
3.1.1ChineseComplimentsatHome…………………………………………4
3.1.2AmericanComplimentsatHome……………………………………….5
3.2ComparisonBetweenChineseandAmericanComplimentsatSchool..............6
3.3ComparisonBetweenChineseandAmericanComplimentsinWorkplace……8
Chapter4CulturalDifferencesBetweenChinaandAmericaonComplimentResponses………………………………………………………………...10
4.1ComplimentObjectDifferencesBetweenChinaandAmerica.........................10
4.1.1TheObjectofComplimentResponseinAmerica……………………...10
4.1.2TheObjectofComplimentResponseinChina………………………...10
Chapter5Conclusion………………………………………………………………...16
AnAnalysisonComparisonBetweenChinaandAmericaonCultureFromComplimentResponses
Chapter1Introduction
Asweallknow,differentcountrieshavedifferentculture.Cultureisthecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanotherandrepresentstheirowncharacteristic.IntermsofthedifferentprocessofthesocialdevelopmentbetweenChinaandAmerica,thecultureofeachotherrepresentstheirowncharacteristic,especiallyinthelanguageuse.Languagecultureistheonepoint.Languageisthereactionofthecultureandthereflectionofthecultureandthereflectionofvalues.
Complimentresponsesisthefrequentlylanguagewhichisusedinourdailylifeandfamiliartopeople,itiseasyforpeopletounderstandtheculturedifferencefromcomplimentresponses.Duringtheprocessofcross-culturalcommunication,ChineseandAmericanusuallymisunderstandeachotherforunknowingother’sownculture.ThisessaylistsalotofexamplestoanalyzetheculturaldifferencefromcomplimentresponsesbetweenChinaandAmericainordertomakepeopleunderstandtheculturaldifferencebetterandimprovetheabilityofcross-culturalcommunication.
ThusitcanbeseenthatChineseandAmericancomplimentsreflectthecultureandarerestrictedbycultureatthesametime.Onlybyunderstandingtheculturaldifferencesbetweenthetwocountries,canweusethecomplimentbetter--thispositivenon-verbalcommunicationbehaviorsoastoachievetheexpectedeffectofcommunication.
Chapter2ConceptofComplimentResponses
Complimentshavebeensaidto‘greasethesocialwheels’andthustoserveas‘sociallubricants’.Weallhavegivencomplimentsandweallreceivethemoccasionally.Complimentsareprimarilyaimedat‘maintaining,enhancing,orsupportingtheaddressee’sface’.
Herbertarguesthatthereseemstobeawidespreadpopularagreementoverwhatitisthatconstitutesacompliment.Henotesthatmostdefinitionsofcompliment,particularlythosebasedonstudiesofWesternlanguages,specifytwoconditions:
thefirstoneisthatcomplimentsmustcontainanexpressionofadmirationonthepartofthespeaker,theotheroneisthattheymustconcernapossession,accomplishment,orpersonalqualityoftheaddressee.
Contrastivestudieshavebeenconductedcomparingcomplimentresponsesindifferentlanguagesandlanguagevarietieswith(mostlyAmerican)English.Thesestudiesillustrateaclearcontrastamongdifferentlanguages.Ontheonehand,ArabicandSouthAfricanEnglisharemorelikelytopreferacceptanceofcomplimentsandlesslikelytorejecttothemthanAmericanEnglish.Ontheotherhand,speakersofAsianlanguages(Chinese,Japanese,Malay,andThai)tendtoavoidacceptingcomplimentsbutratherrejectthemcomparedtoEnglish.
Thespeechactofcomplimentresponsesisselectedsimplyfortworeasons.First,studiesonitinseveralvarietiesofEnglish,aswellasinotherlanguagesandotherpolitenessformulaearemany,whichprovideabasisforcomparativeanalysis.However,thepresentstudyseekstoaddressanimportantomissioninpreviousscholarlyanalyses,astherehavebeenveryfewChineseandAmericanEnglishcross-culturalstudiesonthecomplimentresponsesspeechactset.Indeed,therelevantliteratureisconfinedtoacoupleofstudiesonmainlyAmericanandEuropeanlanguages.Second,complimentresponsesprovideaninvaluablebutunder-utilizedinsightintospeakers’reactiontoexternalappraisalsoftheirpersonalandsocialidentity.
Thedataofthestudycomefromtheresultofthepresentresearchworks,whichexaminethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthecomplimentresponsesstrategiesofChinesenativespeakersandAmericannativespeakersandtorevealtheinterlanguagecharacteristicsofChinesenativespeakersinrespondingtocompliments.
Chapter3ComparisonsBetweenChineseandAmericanComplimentResponsesinDifferentContext
Duetothedifferenthistoryandconcept,ChinaandAmericacomplimentresponseisundeniablydistinctfromeachother.Contextisveryimportantforlanguagelearnerstolearnalanguage.WedoneedtoconsiderthedifferentcontextsintheuseofAmericanandChinesecompliments.ThispartwillmainlytalkaboutthecomparisonsbetweenAmericanandChinesecompliments.
3.1ComparisonBetweenChineseandAmericanComplimentsatHome
3.1.1ChineseComplimentsatHome
AmericancouplesandChinesecouplesaresimilar.Theybothareadvocatedtoconstancyforloveandundyingloyaltytolovers.Thefundamentaldifferenceisthattheirculturalbackgroundsaredifferent.Theyarelivingindifferentcountries.Differentculturebackgroundisthekeyreasonfortheirdifferentlanguagepatterns.Tolstoyoncesaid,‘Allhappyfamiliesarealikeoneanother,eachunhappyfamilyisunhappyinitsownway.’Thequestionwhatisahappyfamilyusuallycomestoourmind:
mutualtrust,understandingandcommunication,compromise,tolerance,managementandsoon.
TraditionallythelovebetweenChinesehusbandandwifeisimplied.Ashamed,theycouldnottellthespouseoftheirlove,especiallyinoldChina,theydidnotsay‘Iloveyou’or‘YouaretheoneIlovebest’overthecourseofthewholelifetime.Complimentisakindoftheembodimentofthelove.FormostChinesepeople,complimentusuallyoccursinloveperiodornewmarriage.Amaninlovewilltakeeveryopportunitytogivecomplimentstohisgirlfriend.Theydosobecausetheywanttoimpresshisgirlfriendormakeherhappy.Asforanold-marriedcouple,theyseldomcomplimenteachother.Theythinktheloveisneedlesstosayout.Theypaymoreattentiontousingactionstoexpresstheirlove.SometimesChinesespeechcommunityignorestheirfamilymembers,seldomusecomplimentarywordstopraisethemforappreciation.ButthisisnottosaythatemotionbetweenChinesefamilymembersisindifferent.Justthewaytheyexpressemotionsisimplicit,isloveyoumorethanIcansay.Infact,theChinesekinshipismuchstrongerthantheAmericanpeople;andthefamilyconsciousnessisevenmoreintense.TheChinesepeopletakemorecareandsupportobligationsthantheAmericanpeople.
Butwiththeopeningofideas,Chinesecouplesbegintobeboldandbravetospeaktheirlove,especiallytheyoungcouples.Theybegintotakeavarietyofwaystoshowtheirloveinthebottomoftheirheartboldlytotheirlovers.
3.1.2AmericanComplimentsatHome
Itssocietywithindividualismpopular,marriageisjustacombinationoftwoindividuals.Andmarriageisbasedonloveandsexintheiropinion;marriagewithoutloveisimmoralandoflowquality.SowesaythatwesternweddingisahumanrightandtheChineseweddingismorelikeanobligationforfamily.Respecta
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