国际经济学作业答案第六章.docx
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国际经济学作业答案第六章.docx
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国际经济学作业答案第六章
Chapter6
EconomiesofScale,ImperfectCompetition,andInternationalTrade
6.1
EconomiesofScaleandInternationalTrade:
AnOverview
1)
Externaleconomiesofscalearisewhenthecostperunit
A)
risesastheindustrygrowslarger.
B)
fallsastheindustrygrowslargerrisesastheaveragefirmgrowslarger.
C)
fallsastheaveragefirmgrowslarger.
D)
remainsconstant.
E)
Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
B
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
2)
Internaleconomiesofscalearisewhenthecostperunit
A)
risesastheindustrygrowslarger.
B)
fallsastheindustrygrowslarger.
C)
risesastheaveragefirmgrowslarger.
D)
fallsastheaveragefirmgrowslarger.
E)
Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
D
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
3)
Wherethereareeconomiesofscale,thescaleofproductionpossibleinacountryisconstrainedby
A)
thesizeofthecountry.
B)
thesizeofthetradingpartner'scountry.
C)
thesizeofthedomesticmarket.
D)
thesizeofthedomesticplustheforeignmarket.
E)
Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
D
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
4)
Ifoutputmorethandoubleswhenallinputsaredoubled,productionissaidtooccurunderconditionsof
A)
increasingreturnstoscale.
B)
imperfectcompetition.
C)
intra-industrytrade.
D)
inter-industrytrade.
E)
Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
A
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
5)
Historyandaccidentdeterminethedetailsoftradeinvolving
A)
RicardianandClassicalcomparativeadvantage.
B)
Heckscher-Ohlinmodelconsideration.
C)
tastereversals.
D)
scaleeconomies.
E)
Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
D
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
6)
Weoftenobserveintra-industryNorth-Southtradein"computersandrelateddevices."Thisisdueto
A)
classificationandaggregationambiguities.
B)
monopolisticcompetition.
C)
specificfactorsissues.
D)
scaleeconomies.
E)
Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
A
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
7)
Whyisitthatifanindustrywereoperatingunderconditionsofdomesticinternalscaleeconomies(appliestofirminthecountry)-thentheresultantequilibriumcannotbeconsistentwiththepurecompetitionmodel?
Answer:
Becauseonceonefirmbecamebiggerthananother,orifonefirmbegantheindustry,thennootherfirmwouldbeabletomatchitsperunitcost,sothattheywouldbedrivenoutoftheindustry.
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
8)
Isitpossiblethatifpositivescaleeconomiescharacterizeanindustry,thatitsequilibriummaybeconsistentwithpurelycompetitiveconditions?
Explainhowthiscouldhappen.
Answer:
Yes.Ifthescaleeconomieswereexternaltothefirm,thenthereisnoreasonwhythefirmsmaynotbeinperfectcompetition.
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
9)
Whyareincreasingreturnstoscaleandfixedcostsimportantinmodelsofinternationaltradeandmonopolisticcompetition?
Answer:
Therearemanyanswers.Threeoftheseare
(a)Increasingreturnstoscale,andhighfixedcostsmaybeinconsistentwithperfectcompetition.Insuchacase,theinitialautarkicstatemaybeasuboptimalequilibrium.Forexample,relativepricesmaynotequalmarginalratesoftransformation.Itfollowsfromthisthatachangeinoutputcompositionsassociatedwithtrademayresultinanationalwelfareforoneorbothtradingcountriesthatisinferiortothatassociatedwiththeinitialautarkicconditions.Henceno"gainsfromtrade."
(b)Inacaseofincreasingscaleeconomiesatthefirmorplantlevel,thedeterminationofwhichproductwillbeexportedbywhichcountryisex-anteindeterminate.Therefore,derivingclearimplicationsconcerningtheeffectsoftradeonincomedistributionssuchasmaybederivedfromtheSamuelson-StolperTheoremisnolongergenerallypossible.
(c)Marketstructurescontainingpositivescaleeconomiesandimperfectcompetitionmayallowfor"two-waytrade,"orintra-industrytrade.Asinb.above,thevarioustheoremsderivablefromtheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelconcerningdirectionsoftradeandincomedistributionsarenolongergenerallyapplicable.
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
6.2
EconomiesofScaleandMarketStructure
1)
Externaleconomiesofscale
A)
maybeassociatedwithaperfectlycompetitiveindustry.
B)
cannotbeassociatedwithaperfectlycompetitiveindustry.
C)
tendstoresultinonehugemonopoly.
D)
tendstoresultinlargeprofitsforeachfirm.
E)
Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
A
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
2)
Internaleconomiesofscale
A)
maybeassociatedwithaperfectlycompetitiveindustry.
B)
cannotbeassociatedwithaperfectlycompetitiveindustry.
C)
areassociatedonlywithsophisticatedproductssuchasaircraft.
D)
cannotformthebasisforinternationaltrade.
E)
Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
B
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
3)
Wherethereareeconomiesofscale,anincreaseinthesizeofthemarketwill
A)
increasethenumberoffirmsandraisethepriceperunit.
B)
decreasethenumberoffirmsandraisethepriceperunit.
C)
increasethenumberoffirmsandlowerthepriceperunit.
D)
decreasethenumberoffirmsandlowerthepriceperunit.
E)
Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
C
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
4)
Ifsomeindustriesexhibitinternal(firmspecific)increasingreturnstoscaleineachcountry,weshouldnotexpecttosee
A)
intra-industrytradebetweencountries.
B)
perfectcompetitionintheseindustries.
C)
inter-industrytradebetweencountries.
D)
highlevelsofspecializationinbothcountries.
E)
Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
B
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
5)
Ifascaleeconomyisthedominanttechnologicalfactordefiningorestablishingcomparativeadvantage,thentheunderlyingfactsexplainingwhyaparticularcountrydominatesworldmarketsinsomeproductmaybepurechance,orhistoricalaccident.Explain,andcomparethiswiththeansweryouwouldgivefortheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelofcomparativeadvantage.
Answer:
Thisstatementistrue,sincethereasonthesellerisamonopolistmaybethatithappenedtohavebeenthefirsttoproducethisproductinthiscountry.Itmayhavenoconnectiontoanysupplyordemandrelatedfactors;nortoanynaturalorman-madeavailability.ThisisallexactlytheoppositeoftheHeckscher-OhlinNeo-Classicalmodel'sexplanationofthedeterminantsofcomparativeadvantage.
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
6.3
TheTheoryofImperfectCompetition
1)
Amonopolisticfirm
A)
cansellasmuchasitwantsforanypriceitdeterminesinthemarket.
B)
cannotdeterminetheprice,whichisdeterminedbyconsumerdemand.
C)
willneversellaproductwhosedemandisinelasticatthequantitysold.
D)
cannotselladditionalquantityunlessitraisesthepriceoneachunit.
E)
Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
C
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
2)
Monopolisticcompetitionisassociatedwith
A)
cut-throatpricecompetition.
B)
productdifferentiation.
C)
explicitconsiderationatfirmlevelofthefeedbackeffectsofotherfirms'pricingdecisions.
D)
highprofitmargins.
E)
Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
B
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
3)
Modelingtradeinmonopolisticindustriesisproblematicbecause
A)
thereisnoonegenerallyacceptedmodelofoligopolybehavior.
B)
therearenomodelsofoligopolybehavior.
C)
itisdifficulttofindanoligopolyintherealworld.
D)
collusionamongoligopolistsmakesusabledatarare.
E)
Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
A
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
4)
ThesimultaneousexportandimportofwidgetsbytheUnitedStatesisanexampleof
A)
increasingreturnstoscale.
B)
imperfectcompetition.
C)
intra-industrytrade.
D)
inter-industrytrade.
E)
Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
C
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
5)
Intra-industrytradecanbeexplainedinpartby
A)
transportationcostswithinandbetweencountries.
B)
problemsofdataaggregationandcategorization.
C)
increasingreturnstoscale.
D)
Alloftheabove.
E)
Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
D
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
6)
Thelargerthenumberoffirmsinamonopolisticcompetitionsituation,
A)
thelargerarethatcountry'sexports.
B)
thehigheristhepricecharged.
C)
thefewervarietiesaresold.
D)
theloweristhepricecharged.
E)
Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
D
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
7)
Inindustriesinwhichtherearescaleeconomies,thevarietyofgoodsthatacountrycanproduceisconstrainedby
A)
thesizeofthelaborforce.
B)
anti-trustlegislation.
C)
thesizeofthemarket.
D)
thefixedcost.
E)
Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
C
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
8)
Itispossiblethattradebasedonexternalscaleeconomiesmayleaveacountryworseoffthanitwouldhavebeenwithouttrade.Explainhowthiscouldhappen.
Answer:
Oneansweristhatthetermsoftradeeffectsmaydominateanyotherfactors.
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
6.4
MonopolisticCompetitionandTrade
1)
Intra-industrytradeismostcommoninthetradepatternsof
A)
developingcountriesofAsiaandAfrica.
B)
industrialcountriesofWesternEurope.
C)
allcountries.
D)
North-Southtrade.
E)
Noneoftheabove.
Answer:
B
QuestionStatus:
PreviousEdition
2)
Internationaltradebasedonscaleeconomiesislikelytobeassociatedwith
A)
Ricardiancomparativeadvantage.
B)
comparativea
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