高级英语视听说教程3文本unit1234.docx
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高级英语视听说教程3文本unit1234.docx
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高级英语视听说教程3文本unit1234
APPENDIXA:
AUDIOSCRIPTS
UnitOne
Chapter1
Anthropology:
TheEvolutionofHumanEndeavor
Anthropology:
TheStudyofHumanBeingsandTheirCreations
oA.OrientationListeningScript
TheGreekwordfor"man"is"anthropos"andthewordanthropology
hasbeenintheEnglishlanguageforcenturies.Butjustwhatdoesthe
wordmean?
Literallyanthropologymeans"thestudyofman."How-
ever,asBritishphilosopherAlfredNorthWhiteheadnoted,"Itisawell-
foundedhistoricalgeneralizationthatthelastthingtobediscoveredin
anyscienceiswhatthescienceisreallyabout."AndasPaulBohannan,
renownedanthropologist,pointedoutanumberofyearsago,"Each
sciencethatdealswithpeoplehasitsowndefinitionsofhuman.An
Economist,"heexplains,"definesahumanasachoice-makinganimal.
Philosophersdefinemanasarationalizinganimal...."Anthropology
attemptstobeall-inclusive-thestudyofhumanbehaviorinallplaces
andthroughouttime.Itspecializesinthedescriptionofhumanistic,sci-
entific,biological,historical,psychological,andsocialviewsofhumans.
ToparaphraseBarbaraMiller'sstatementinhertextbook,Cultural
Anthropology,thepopularimpressionofanthropologyisbasedmainly
onmoviesandtelevisionshowsthatdepictanthropologistsasadven-
turersandheroes.Somedohaveadventuresanddiscovertreasuresin
Egyptiantombsandelsewhere,butmostly,theirworkislessglam-
orousandinvolvesrepetitiveandtediousactivities.Untilaroundthe
middleofthenineteenthcentury,anthropologywasatermusedforall
humanists.Mylecturetodayexplainsthefieldsandbranchesof
anthropology.We'regoingtobeginbystatingthatanthropologyisthe
studyofhumanbehaviorinallplacesandatalltimes.
Westerncivilizationtakescreditforthedevelopmentofanthropol-
ogy,which,asamatteroffact,wasarelativelylatescience.Earlier
GreekandRomanphilosophersweremoreinterestedinspeculating
abouttheidealsocietyratherthandescribingthoseknowntothem.
AftertheonsetoftheAgeofExploration,whichincludedthe
discoveryoftheAmericas,aswellastraveltootherdistantplaces,the
studyofnon-Westernpeoplebeganinearnest.Inmodernday,anthro-
pologyisarecognizedsocialsciencewithtwobroadfieldsandseveral
branchesorsubfields.
Thetwobroadfieldsarephysicalanthropologyandcultural
anthropology.Letmegiveyouabriefdescriptionofeach.Physical
anthropologyisconcernedwiththedevelopmentofmanasamammal.
Relatedsubjectsareanatomy,biology,andpaleontology.Physicalan-
thropologistsstudytheevolutionofthehumanspecies.Onewaythey
dothisisbythecomparativeanalysisoffossils-preservedremnants
132APPENDIXAofoncellivingcreaturesandlivingprimates,whichincludehuman
beingsorHomosapiens.Commonfossilsareshells,bones,andmolds
orimprints.Thesearefoundburiedintheearthorpermanentlyfrozen
inglaciers.Livingprimatesareanalyzedinordertostudythemechan-
icsofevolutionandgeneticdifferencesamonghumanpopulations.
Nextlet'stalkaboutculturalanthropology.Thisfieldisthestudy
oflearnedbehaviorinhumansocieties.Mostculturalanthropologists
limitthemselvestoafewgeographicareas,forexample,Margaret
MeadinSamoaandNewGuinea,andClydeKluckhohnwiththe
NavajoIndiansintheSouthwesternUnitedStates.Ishouldmention
thatKluckbohn'sworkMirrorforManisconsideredoneofthebestin-
troductionstoanthropology.Culturalanthropologyandthescientific
studyofhumanculturewillbediscussedinmoredetailinournext
lecture.Thesubfieldsofculturalanthropologyarearchaeology,linguis-
tics,andethnography.
Archaeologyisthestudyofdifferentculturesthroughmaterial
sourcesratherthandirectinterviewsorobservationsofthegroup
understudy.Oneexampleofafamousarchaeologicalsitediscovered
inthepastcenturywasKingTut'sTombnearLuxor,Egypt,in1922.
Linguistics,asyouprobablyknow,isthestudyoflanguageascom-
municationamonghumans.Cultureislearnedandtransmitted
primarilythroughlanguage.
Ethnographyisthesystematicdescriptionofhumansocieties,
mostlybasedonfirsthandfieldwork.Basedonethnographies,anthro-
pologistsprovideethnologiesorexplanationsofthebehaviorofdiffer-
entpeoples.Asecondsubfieldofethnographyissocialanthropology.
Socialanthropologyisconcernedwithpeopleassocialbeings.A
relatedsubjectis,ofcourse,sociology.
Letmealsomentionbrieflypsychologicalanthropology,which
dealswithhumanpersonalityandfeelings.Thesearegreatlyinflu-
encedbyanindividual'sbiologicalandmentalcharacteristics,aswell
asphysicalsurroundingsandpersonalexperiences.Relatedsubjectsare
psychologyandpsychiatry.
Itisimportanttonotethatthereareseveraluniversalscommon
amongallsocieties;forexample,thebasicsimilaritiesinhumanbiol-
ogyandtheexistenceoftwosexes.Anotheroftheseiseducation-
eitherformalorinformalorboth.Educationisnecessarytoprovidethe
youngwiththeskillsandattitudesneededtocarryonasadults.
So,youmightask,whatarethepracticalapplicationsforsucha
broadfield?
Theansweristhatanthropologyhelpsusplanthefutureand
helpsuscontributetothesolutionofhumanproblems.Thisnewestarea
ofthestudyofmanisappliedanthropology.Formerly,anthropologywas
limitedtotheacademicfield.Anthropologistswereteachersormuseum
curators.Butforthepastseveraldecadeslargenumbersof"anthro"grad-
uateshavebeenemployedinfieldssuchasurbanplanningandadminis-
tration,healthcare,andinternationaldevelopment.Mostimportantis
thatalthoughanthropologistshavetakenupthetaskofdocumentingthe
processesandchangesofculturespastandpresent,theyalsoprovidethe
necessaryinsightsintowherethehumanspeciesisheading.
AUDIOSCRIPTS133Chapter1Anthropology:
TheStudyofHumanBeingsandTheirCreations
oB.ListeningandNotetakingScript
TheGreekwordfor"man"is"anthropos"andthewordanthropology
hasbeenintheEnglishlanguageforcenturies.Butjustwhatdoesthe
wordmean?
Literallyanthropologymeans"thestudyofman."How-
ever,asBritishphilosopherAlfredNorthWhiteheadnoted,"Itisawell-
foundedhistoricalgeneralizationthatthelastthingtobediscoveredin
anyscienceiswhatthescienceisreallyabout."AndasPaulBohannan,
renownedanthropologist,pointedoutanumberofyearsago,"Each
sciencethatdealswithpeoplehasitsowndefinitionsofhuman.An
Economist,"heexplains,"definesahumanasachoice-makinganimal.
Philosophersdefinemanasarationalizinganimal...."Anthropologyat-
temptstobeall-inclusive-thestudyofhumanbehaviorinallplaces
andthroughouttime.Itspecializesinthedescriptionofhumanistic,sci-
entific,biological,historical,psychological,andsocialviewsofhumans.
Let'sreviewsomeoftheinformationyoujustheardtohelpyou
withyournotetaking.Checkyournotesandfillinanyinformation
youdidn'thavetimetotakedownthefirsttimeyouheardit.Ifyou
didn'tgetachancetowritedownallthatyouwantedtowrite
down,didyouatleastmakesomenotationssothatyoucould
reviewthenoteslaterandcompletethemissinginformation.Let's
see.ThelecturerbeganwiththeGreekwordforman.Didyouget
thespellingofanthropos!
It'sa-n-t-b-t-o-p-o-s.Sowhatisthemeaning
ofanthropology!
Literally,itisthestudyofman.Whatwasthe
nameoftheBritishphilosopher!
Didyougethisfullname!
Alfred
NorthWhitehead.Whatwashismessageaboutscience!
Hesaidthe
lastthingtobediscoveredinanyscienceiswhatitisreallyabout.
IsPaulBohannanaphysicalorsocialanthropologist!
You'recorrect
ifyouwrotesocial.Nowlet'sreturntothelecture.
ToparaphraseBarbaraMiller'sstatementinhertextbook,Cultural
Anthropology,thepopularimpressionofanthropologyisbasedmainly
onmoviesandtelevisionshowsthatdepictanthropologistsasadven-
turersandheroes.Somedohaveadventuresanddiscovertreasuresin
Egyptiantombsandelsewhere,butmostly,theirworkislessglam-
orousandinvolvesrepetitiveandtediousactivities.Untilaroundthe
middleofthenineteenthcentury,anthropologywasatermusedforall
humanists.Mylecturetodayexplainsthefieldsandbranchesof
anthropology.We'regoingtobeginbystatingthatanthropologyisthe
studyofhumanbehaviorinallplacesandatalltimes.
Westerncivilizationtakescreditforthedevelopmentofanthropol-
ogy,which,asamatteroffact,wasarelativelylatescience.Earlier
GreekandRomanphilosophersweremoreinterestedinspeculating
abouttheidealsocietyratherthandescribingthoseknowntothem.
WhatyeardidBarbaraMillerpublishCulturalAnthropology?
Wasit1899or1999!
Accordingtoher,whatistheimpressionof
anthropologybasedon!
Howareanthropologistsdepicted!
Priorto
134APPENDIXAthe1850swhatwastheterm"anthropology"usedfor!
Whatisthe
lecturer'sdefinition!
Whotakescreditforthedevelopmentofan-
thropology!
Whatweretheancientphilosophersinterestedin!
Is
thisinformationinyournotes!
Nowlet'scontinue.
AftertheonsetoftheAgeofExploration,whichincludedthedis-
coveryoftheAmericas,aswcllastraveltootherdistantplaces,the
studyofnon-Westernpeoplebeganinearnest.Inmodernday,anthro-
pologyisarecognizedsocialsciencewithtwobroadfieldsandseveral
branchesorsubfields.
Thetwobroadfieldsarephysicalanthropologyandcultural
anthropology.Letmegiveyouabriefdescriptionofeach.Physical
anthropologyisconcernedthedevelopmentofmanasamammal.
R
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