建筑学外文翻译环境变化影响下的建筑学Word文档下载推荐.docx
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建筑学外文翻译环境变化影响下的建筑学Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Lowenergytechniquesforhousing
Itwouldappearthat,fortheindustrialisedcountries,thebestchanceofrescuelieswiththebuiltenvironmentbecausebuildingsinuseorinthecourseoferectionarethebiggestsingleindirectsourceofcarbonemissionsgeneratedbyburningfossilfuels,accountingforover50percentoftotalemissions.IfyouaddthetransportcostsgeneratedbybuildingstheUKgovernmentestimateis75percent.Itisthebuiltenvironmentwhichisthesectorthatcanmosteasilyaccommodatefairlyrapidchangewithoutpain.Infact,upgradingbuildings,especiallythelowerendofthehousingstock,createsaclusterofinterlockingvirtuouscircles.
Constructionsystems
Havingconsideredthechallengepresentedbyglobalwarmingandtheopportunitiestogeneratefossil-freeenergy,itisnowtimetoconsiderhowthedemandsideoftheenergyequationcanrespondtothatchallenge.Thebuiltenvironmentisthegreatestsectoralconsumerofenergyand,withinthatsector,housingisinpolepositionaccountingfor28percentofallUKcarbondioxide(CO2)emissions.
IntheUKhousinghastraditionallybeenofmasonryandsincetheearly1920sthishaslargelybeenofcavityconstruction.Thepurposewastoensurethatasaturatedexternalleafwouldhavenophysicalcontactwiththeinnerleafapartfromwalltiesandthatwaterwouldbedischargedthroughweepholesatthedamp-proofcourselevel.Sincetheintroductionofthermalregulations,initiallydeemednecessarytoconserveenergyratherthantheplanet,ithasbeencommonpracticetointroduceinsulationintothecavity.Foralongtimeitwasmandatorytopreserveaspacewithinthecavityandalongrearguardbattlewasfoughtbythetraditionaliststopreservethis‘sacredspace’.DefeatwasfinallyconcededwhensomeextensiveresearchbytheBuildingResearchEstablishmentfoundthattherewasnogreaterriskofdamppenetrationwithfilledcavitiesandinfactdampthroughcondensationwasreduced.
SolidmasonrywallswithexternalinsulationarecommonpracticeincontinentalEuropeandarebeginningtomakeanappearanceintheUK.InCornwallthePenwithHousingAssociationhasbuiltapartmentsofthisconstructionontheseafront,perhapsthemostchallengingofsituations.
Theadvantagesofmasonryconstructionare:
●Itisatriedandtestedtechnologyfamiliartohousebuildingcompaniesofallsizes.
●Itisdurableandgenerallyriskfreeasregardscatastrophicfailure–thoughnotentirely.AfewyearsagotheentireouterleafofauniversitybuildinginPlymouthcollapsedduetothefactthatthewalltieshadcorroded.
●Exposedbrickworkisalowmaintenancesystem;
maintenancedemandsriseconsiderablyifitreceivesarenderedfinish.
●Fromtheenergyefficiencypointofview,masonryhomeshavearelativelyhighthermalmasswhichisconsiderablyimprovediftherearehighdensitymasonryinternalwallsandconcretefloors.
Framedconstruction
Volumehousebuildersareincreasinglyresortingtotimber-framedconstructionwithabrickouterskin,makingthemappearidenticaltofullmasonryconstruction.Theattractionisthespeedoferectionespeciallywhenelementsarefabricatedoffsite.However,thereisanunfortunatehistorybehindthissystemduetoshortcomingsinqualitycontrol.Thiscanapplytotimberwhichhasnotbeenadequatelycuredorseasoned.Framedbuildingsneedtohaveavapourbarriertowallsaswellasroofs.Withtimberframingitisdifficulttoavoidpiercingthebarrier.Therecanalsobeproblemsachievinginternalfixings.Forthepurist,theultimatecriticismisthatitisillogicaltohaveaframedbuildingcladinmasonrywhenitcriesoutforapanel,boarded,slateortilehungexternalfinish.
Pressedsteelframesforhomesarenowbeingvigorouslypromotedbythesteelindustry.Thesellingpointisagainspeedoferectionbutwiththeaddedbenefitofaguaranteedqualityintermsofstrengthanddurabilityofthematerial.
Fromtheenergypointofview,framedbuildingscanaccommodatehighlevelsofinsulationbuthaverelativelypoorthermalmassunlessthisisprovidedbyfloorsandinternalwalls.
Innovativetechniques
PermanentInsulationFormworkSystems(PIFS)arebeginningtomakeanappearanceinBritain.TheprinciplebehindPIFSistheuseofprecisionmouldedinterlockinghollowblocksmadefromaninsulationmaterial,usuallyexpandedpolystyrene.Theycanberapidlyassembledonsiteandthenfilledwithpumpgradeconcrete.Whentheconcretehassettheresultisahighlyinsulatedwallreadyfortheinstallationofservicesandinternalandexteriorfinishes.TheycanachieveaU-valueaslowas0.11W/m2K.Abovethreestoreystheadditionofsteelreinforcementisnecessary.
Theadvantagesofthissystemare:
●Designflexibility;
almostanyplanshapeispossible.
●Easeandspeedo
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- 关 键 词:
- 建筑学 外文 翻译 环境 变化 影响