Roman Architecture 耶鲁Word文档格式.docx
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Roman Architecture 耶鲁Word文档格式.docx
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March31,2009
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ProfessorDianaE.E.Kleiner:
Goodmorning.FromthetimeofJuliusCaesar,wehaveseentherulersofRomebragaboutbuildingbuildingsthatwerebiggerthananyothersintheworld.You'
llrememberCaesarreferredtohisTempleofMarsinthatway,thathewasbuildingthelargestTempleofMarsintheworld.AndwealsosawthesameforDomitian,withhispalaceonthePalatineHill;
forTrajanwithhisenormousforum;
forHadrian,buildingthegreatest--largestdomethathadbeenbuiltupuntilthattimeand,aswediscussed,stillthelargestdiameterdomeinthecityofRometoday;
andHadrian'
sVillaatTivoli,justasaselectionofexamples.Wearegoingtoseetodaythatifbiggerwasbetter,biggestisbest,andinthecaseoftheemperorCaracalla,anemperorwhowasamegalomaniac,inthetraditionofNeroandDomitian,thathebuiltthelargestimperialbathstructuretodate.Andwe'
regoingtobelookingatthatbathstructuretoday,andwe'
regoingtoseeitasreallyacolossalandfascinatingbuilding,inallkindsofways.ButbeforeIgettothat--infact,we'
llendwiththatbathstructuretoday--beforeIgettothat,IwouldliketolookwithyouatarchitectureinRome,inthesecondandthirdcenturiesA.D.,andwe'
llseethatarchitectureisquitevariedintermsofwhetherit'
sprivate,it'
scivic,it'
salsofunerary.
Iwanttobeginthoughbyjustremindingyouofwhatwetalkedaboutlasttime.WelookedatthecityofOstia,andwelookedatthecityofOstia,theportofRome,initsentirety;
onceagain,itspublicbuildings,itscivicstructures,itscommercialenterprises.Andwealsowent,attheveryendofthelecture,outtoIsolaSacra,wherethetombsofthosewholivedinOstiawerelocated.AndIshowyouacoupleofthoseagainnowonthescreen;
thesebrick-facedtombs,thesetombsthataremadeofconcrete,atIsolaSacra,thatwereputupfortheprofessionals,forthetraders,thecommercialmerchantsandsoonthatlivedinthecityofOstia.Theyweremadeofbrick-facedconcreteconstruction.Theyhadbarrelvaultsorgroinvaultsinside.
Andyoucanseealsothattheywerefacedwithbrick,andtheywerefacedwithbrick,aswediscussed,thatwasexposed;
theideaofbrickbeingattractiveinitsownright,afabulouslybeautifulfacing,thattheytakeadvantageofinthesecondcenturyA.D.,anddecidenottostuccoitover,asyoucanseesowellhere.Thedoorwaysintothosetombs,surroundedbytravertinejambsandlintels,theinscriptioninthecenter,thesmallslitwindows,andthenapedimentatthetop.Wesaw,whenwelookedatfuneraryarchitectureintheageofAugustus,forexample,thatiswasveryvaried;
veryvaried.Tombsintheshapeofpyramids,intheshapeofcirculartombs.Tombsthatmadereferencetobakeries,liketheTomboftheBakerEurysaces.ThereisstillacertainamountofvarietyintombarchitectureinthesecondcenturyA.D.,buttheytendtohoneinononetypeinparticular,andthattypeistheso-calledhousetombtype;
whichisexactlywhatweseehere,atombthatisrectangularinshape,forthemostpart,boxlike,anddoesresemble,veryclosely,ahouse;
thiscloserelationshipthatwe'
vetalkedaboutsomanytimesthissemesterbetweenhousesofthelivingandhousesofthedead.Sowelookedatthoselasttime.
AndwhereIwanttobegintodayisjusttodemonstratetoyouthatthesesamekindsofhousetombsthatweseeinOstiaandIsolaSacra,inthesecondcenturyA.D.,wealsoseeinRome.Andinsomecasestheyarecommissionedbyindividualsofcomparablesocialstatus,tothoseinOstia,butsometimestheyarecommissionedbythemostelite.AndI'
dliketobeginwithanexampleofasimilartombcommissionedbythemostelite.Thisistheso-calledTombofAnniaRegilla,inRome.ItwasputuponthefamousviaAppia,ortheAppianWay.ItdatestoaroundA.D.161.Inthiscaseweknowwhothecommissionerwas,andIcanshowyouwhathelookedlikeaswell.Youseehimhere,ontheright-handsideofthescreen.HewasamanbythenameofHerodesAtticus;
I'
veputhisnameontheMonumentListforyou,HerodesAtticus.HerodesAtticuswasactuallyaGreek.HewasAthenian,fromtheGreekpartoftheEmpire.HelivedinAthens,forthemostpart,andhecommissionedaveryfamousmusichall,anodeon,whichstillsurvives.Youcanseeitoverhere.It'
swithoutitsrooftoday,butitwasoriginallyoneoftheseroofedmusichalls,anodeon.ItislocatedontheslopeoftheAcropolisinAthens;
theAcropolisthatofcourseweknowprimarilyforitsgreatarchitecturalfeatsofthefifthcenturyB.C.inGreece.
ThisistheRomanbuilding,putupbyHerodesinthesecondcentury,andweseeitontheslopeoftheAcropolis,verywellpreserved.InmoderntimesitsgreatestfameisthefactthatYanni
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