attention and perceptionWord格式文档下载.docx
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attention and perceptionWord格式文档下载.docx
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holdsallofthincominginfoforafractionofasecondandthentransferallofittothenextstage:
filter:
identifiestheattendedmessagebasedonitsphysicalcharacteristics-----nextstage:
Detector:
procesesinformationtodeterminehigher-levelcharacteristicsofthemessagesuchasitsmeaning.-------shorttermmemoryreceivestheoutputofthedetector.Holdsinfofor10-15sandalsotransfersinfointolong-termmemory.
3)Early-selectionmodel:
filtersbasedonphysicalcharacteristics.
●Treisman’sattenuationtheory
A.Attenuator:
analyzestheincomingmessageintermsofitsphysicalcharacteristics(highorlowpitched),itslanguage-howthemessagegroupsintosyllablesorwords,anditsmeaning.
B.Leakyfiltermodel:
atleastsomeoftheunattendedmessagegetsthroughtheattenuator.
C.Dictionaryunit:
analyzedthemessageinthesecondstage.Thedictionaryunitcontainsstoredwords,eachofwhichhavethresholdsforbeingactivated.Ashresholdisthesmallestsignalstrengththatcanbarelybedetected(ownnameneedlowsignalstrengthtoactivated
●Late-selectionmodels:
selectionofstimuliforfinalprocessingdoesn’toccuruntilaftertheinfohasbeenanalyzedforitsmeaning.
A.Ambiguoussentence:
Theyarethrowingstonetothebank(otherearcue“money”or“river”
B.P.110graph:
differencebetweenearlyselectionandlateselection.Whenchoosewhich?
Determinedbythenatureoftask.
------howdoestaskloadaffectselectiveattention
●High-loadtask:
usesmostorallofaperson’sresourcesandsoleavesnocapacitytohandleothertasks.
●Low-loadtask:
usefewresources,leavingsometohandleothertasks.
●FLANKER-CAMPATIBILITYTASKparticipantispresentedwithacentraldisplaythatmaycontainatarget,anda“flanker”distractorstimulusofftotheside.Participantneedtodetectthetargetinthecentraldisplayasquickaspossible,whileignoringthedistractorstimulus.
a)Acompatibledistractor,sameasthetarget,low-loadcondition(only1protentialtarget)
b)Anincompatibledistractor.Differentfromthetarget.
c)High-load:
:
targetisstillthesquare,butthereare5additionalshapes.ThedifferencebetweenthecompatibleandincompatibleRTisnotsignificant.Whenloadishigh,thetypeofdistractordoesnotaffectRT
-----------DividedAttention:
payingattentiontomorethanonething
●Dividedattention:
thedistributionofattentiontotwoormoretaskscanoccur.
●Automaticprocessing:
firstdriveanddriveforthelongtime:
atypeofprocessiongthatoccurs1withoutintentionand2atacostofonlysomeofaperson;
scognitiverescources.
●STROOPEFFECT:
thewordsinterferewiththeabilitytonamethecoorsoftheink,iscausedbypeople’sinabilitytoavoidpayingattentiontothemeaningsofthewords,eventhoughtheyareinstructedtoignorethem,itishighlyautomaticthatitisdifficultnottoreadthem,usefewresources,butenoughtoslowdownthespeed.
●Controlledprocessing;
processingusedinthevariedmappingcondition.Taskisdifficult,notpossibletobeautomatic.
Directingvisualattentionwiththeeyes:
●Saccades:
rapidmovementsoftheeyesfromoneplacetoanother
●Fixations:
shortpausesonpointsofinterest
●Eyetracker:
devicetostudyeyemovement
●Stimulussalience:
conspicuousandthereforeattractattentionbasedontheirstimulusproperties.
●Saliencymap:
todeterminethetherobserver’sfixationswerecontrolledbythestimulussaliencyindicatedbythemap
●Sceneschema:
knowledgeaboutwhatiscontainedintypical(officeschema,phone,computeronthedesk)
●Inattentionalblindness:
stimulusthatisnotattendedisnotperceived,eventhoughapersonmightbelookingdirectlyatit
●Precueing:
participantslookedatasmallsquarethatwasflankedbytwolightsoneachside,initiallynoneofthelightswereturnedon
●OBJECT-BASEDATTENTION:
whenattentionisdirectedtooneplceonanobject,theenhancingeffectofthisattentionspreadsthroughouttheobject.
●Location-basedattention:
moveattentionfromoneplacetoanother.
●Cuesignalappearsatthetoporbottomofoneoftherectanglestoindicatewherethetargetwillprobablyappear,targetappearsatoneoftheendsofrectangle,RTinbfasterthaninCbecausetheenhancingeffectofattentionhadspreadwithintherectangleontheright,soeventhoughthecuewasatAsomeenhancementoccurredatB,aswell.P126
●Spotlightmodel:
location-basedbvisualattentioncanbelikenedtoaspotlightthatscansdifferentlocations
●Fordynamicenvironments,object-basedvisualattentioncanincolveamechanismthatlocksontoobjectsandfollowsthemastheymore.
●Autism:
aseriousdevelopmentaldisorderinwhichoneofthemajorsymptomsisthewithdrawalofcontactfromotherpeople.Donotmkeeyecontact.Hardtotellemotions.
●Visualneglect:
aneffectofbraindamagecalledvisualneglectcausesapersontopayattentiontoonlyhalfoftheirvisualfield.
●Spatialcueing;
howcuringattetiongaffectsRTtothecuedarea,spotlightmodelofattention.
-------------------------------------------------------
Chapter5:
●Modalmodelofmemory(structuralfeatures):
a)Sensorymemory:
aninitialstagethatholdsallincominginfoforsecondsorfractionsofasecond.
b)Short-termmemory:
holds5-7itemsforabout15-30s
c)Long-termmemory:
holdalargeamountofinfoforyears.
●Controlprocesses,activeprocessesthatcanbecontrolledbythepersonandmaydifferfromonetasktoanother:
forexample:
REHEARSAL:
-repeatoverandoveragain.2)strategiesthatusetohlpmakeastimukusmorememorable.3)strategiesofattentionthathelpyouselectivelyfocusonotherinfoyouwanttpremember
●Persistenceofvision:
retentionoftheperceptionoflightinmind(烟火尾巴)
●iconicmemory:
thebriefsensorymemoryforvisualstimuli,correspondstothesensorymemorystageofAtkinsonanshiffrin’smodel.
●Echoicmemory:
thepersistenceofsound
Short-termmemory
●Proactiveinterference(PI)interferencethatoccurswheninfothatwaslearnedpreviouslyinterfereswithlearningnewinfo.
CapacityofSTM
●Digitspan:
onemeasureofcapacity:
thenumberofdigitsapersoncanremember.(+-7)
●Chunking:
smallunitscanbecombinedintolargermeaningfulunits.Isacollectionofelementsthatarestronglyassociatedwithoneanotherbutareweaklyassociatedwithelementsinotherchunks.
Howisinformationcodedinshort-termmemory?
●Coding:
thewayinfoispresented.
●Physiologicalapproachtocodingdeterminehowastimulusisrepresentedbythefiringofneurons
●Mentalapproachtocoding:
howastimulusoranexperienceisrepresentedinthemind.
●Auditorycoding:
rememberingthesound
●Visualcoding:
conjuringupanimageinmind
●Semanticcoding:
codingintermsofmeaning:
releasefromproactiveinterference:
eliminatethePIthathadbuildupbefore
Workingmemory:
amechanismthatconsistsofanumberofspecializedcomponents
●Baddeley’sexperiment:
remembernumberwhenreadatext:
---STprocessmustconsistofanumberofcomponentsthatcanfunctionseparately.
●Workingmemory:
alimited-capacitysystemfortemporarystorageanmanipulationofinfoforcomplextaskssuchascomprehension,learningandreasoning
a)STMisasinglecomponent,whereasworkingmemoryconsistsofanumberofparts
b)STMisconcernedmainlywithholdinginformationforabriefperiodoftime,whereasworkingmemoryisconcernedwiththemanipulationofinthatoccursduringcomplexcognition.
c)Phonologicalloop(verbalandauditoryinfo)---centralexecutive(pullsinfofromlong-termmemoryandcoordinatestheactivityofthephonologicalloopandvisuospatialsketchpadbyfocusingonspecificpartsofataskandswitchingattentionfromoneparttoanother.Decidehowtodivideattentionbetweendifferenttasks)---visuospatialsketchpad(visualandspatialinfo)
Thephonologicalloop
●Phonologicalsimilarityeffect:
occurswhenlettersorwordsthatsoundsimilarareconfused.
●Word-lengtheffect:
occurswhenmemoryforlistsofwordsisbetterforshortwordsthanforlongwords.(shortwordsleavemorespaceinthePLforrehearsal)
●articulatorysuppression:
occurswhenapersonispreventedfromrehearsingitemstoberememberedbyrepeatinganirrelevantsound.
Effect:
a)reducesthememoryspan
b)iteliminatestheWLE(eliminatingrehearsalby“the,the,the”eliminatestheadvantageforshortword)
c)itreducesthePSEforreadingwords(infonotabletotransferfromvisuospatialtophonologicalloopbecausethePLisalreadyengagedby“thethethe”.
.FalseMemories-HowandWhy:
A.TheMisinformationEffect-anunconsciousadoptionoflater-learnedinformation.Weknowthatourexperiencesaffectmemory...experiencesthatoccurbefore,during,andafteramemoryisformed.Thus,themisinformationeffectoccurswheninformationreceivedafteramemoryhasformedinfluencesthewayweremembertheevent.
1)How-itoccurswhensomeonefailstorecordintomemorycertaindetail
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