旅游英语期末考试范围中国历史Word文档格式.docx
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旅游英语期末考试范围中国历史Word文档格式.docx
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ThemostprevalentaccountoftheNineProvincescomesfromtheYuGongorTributeofYusectionoftheBookofXia(夏書),collectedintheBookofDocuments.ItwasthereinrecordedthatYutheGreatdividedtheworldintothenineprovincesofJi(冀),Yan(兗),Qing(青),Xu(徐),Yang(揚),Jing(荊),Yu(豫),Liang(梁),andYong(雍).Thegeographysection(釋地)oftheancientEryaencyclopediaalsocitesnineprovinces,butwithYouandYing(營)listedinsteadofQingandLiang.Inthe"
ClanResponsibilities"
(職方氏)sectionofRitualsofZhou,theprovincesincludeYouandBingbutnotXuandLiang.TheLü
shiChunqiu"
InitialSurvey"
(有始覽)sectionmentionsYoubutnotLiang.
Traditionally,theBookofDocumentsisthoughttodepictthedivisionsduringtheXiadynasty,theEryathoseoftheShangdynasty;
theRitualsofZhoutheZhoudynasty,andtheLü
shiChunqiutheconceptandactualterritorialdistributionoftheNineProvincesduringtheSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesperiods.TheLü
shiChunqiucontainsthefollowingpassageonthelocationofthenineprovincesandtheirgeneralcorrespondencewiththestatesofthetime:
Thewords"
NineProvinces"
donotappearinanyancientoracleboneinscriptions,suchthatmanyscholarsdonotthinkYutheGreatcreatedtheNineProvincesaswastraditionallythought.Somesuggestthename"
Jiuzhou"
whichcametomean"
wasactuallyaplace,orthedivisionswerewithinShandong.
UnlikeSima'
slistofShangdynastykings,whichiscloselymatchedbyinscriptionsonoraclebonesfromlateinthatperiod,recordsofXiarulershavenotyetbeenfoundinarcheologicalexcavations.
2.名词解释:
Supportingtheking,andexpellingthebarbarians'
(尊王攘夷zunwangrangyi);
3.TheFiveHegemons(685-591BC)
HegemonyofQi(685–643BC)
ThefirsthegemonwasDukeHuanofQi(r.685–643BC).Withthehelpofhisminister,GuanZhong,DukeHuanreformedQitocentralizeitspowerstructure.Thestateconsistedof15"
townships"
withthedukeandtwoseniorministerseachinchargeoffive;
militaryfunctionswerealsounitedwithcivilones.Theseandrelatedreformsprovidedthestate,alreadypowerfulfromcontroloftradecrossroads,withagreaterabilitytomobilizeresourcesthanthemorelooselyorganizedstates.
By667BC,Qihadclearlyshownitseconomicandmilitarypredominance,andDukeHuanassembledtheleadersofLu,Song,Chen,andZheng,whoelectedhimastheirleader.Soonafter,KingHuiofZhouconferredthetitleofbà
(hegemon),givingDukeHuanroyalauthorityinmilitaryventures.AnimportantbasisforjustifyingQi'
sdominanceovertheotherstateswaspresentedintheslogan'
supportingtheking,andexpellingthebarbarians'
theroleofsubsequenthegemonswouldalsobeframedinthisway,astheprimarydefenderandsupporterofnominalZhouauthorityandtheexistingorder.Usingthisauthority,DukeHuanintervenedinapowerstruggleinLu;
protectedYanfromencroachingWesternRongnomads(664BC);
droveoffNorthernDinomadsafterthey'
dinvadedWey(660BC)andXing(659BC),providingthepeoplewithprovisionsandprotectivegarrisonunits;
andledanallianceofeightstatestoconquerCaiandtherebyblockthenorthwardexpansionofChu(656BC).
Athisdeathin643BC,fiveofDukeHuan'
ssonscontendedforthethrone,badlyweakeningthestatesothatitwasnolongerregardedasthehegemon.Fornearlytenyears,norulerheldthetitle.
HegemonyofSong(643–637BC)
DukeXiangofSongattemptedtoclaimthehegemonyinthewakeofQi'
sdecline,perhapsdrivenbyadesiretorestoretheShangDynastyfromwhichSonghaddescended.HehostedpeaceconfencesinthesamestyleasQihaddone,andconductedaggessivemilitarycampaignsagainsthisrivals.DukeXianghowevermethisendwhen,againsttheadviceofhisstaff,heattackedthemuchlargerstateofChu.TheSongforcesweredefeatedatthebattleofHongin638BC,andthedukehimselfdiedinthefollowingyearfromaninjurysustainedinthebattle.AfterXiang'
sdeathhissuccessorsadoptedamoremodestforeignpolicy,bettersuitedtothecountry'
ssmallsize.AsDukeXiangwasneverofficiallyrecognizedashegemonbytheKingofZhou,notallsourceslisthimasoneoftheFiveHegemons.
HegemonyofJin(636–628BC)
WhenDukeWenofJincametopowerin636BC,hecapitalizedonthereformsofhisfather,DukeXian(r.676–651BC),whohadcentralizedthestate,killedoffrelativeswhomightthreatenhisauthority,conqueredsixteensmallerstates,andevenabsorbedsomeRongandDipeoplestomakeJinmuchmorepowerfulthanithadbeenpreviously.WhenheassistedKingXianginasuccessionstrugglein635BC,XiangawardedJinwithstrategicallyvaluableterritorynearChengzhou.
DukeWenofJinthenusedhisgrowingpowertocoordinateamilitaryresponsewithQi,Qin,andSongagainstChu,whichhadbegunencroachingnorthwardafterthedeathofDukeHuá
nofQi.WithadecisiveChulossattheBattleofChengpu(632BC),DukeWen'
sloyaltytotheZhoukingwasrewardedataninterstateconferencewhenKingXīangawardedhimthetitleofbà
.
AfterthedeathofDukeWenin628BC,agrowingtensionmanifestedininterstateviolencethatturnedsmallerstates,particularlythoseattheborderbetweenJinandChu,intositesofconstantwarfare;
QiandQinalsoengagedinnumerousinterstateskirmisheswithJinoritsalliestoboosttheirownpower.[24]
HegemonyofQin(628–621BC)
DukeMuofQinhadascendedthethronein659BCandforgedanalliancewithJinbymarryinghisdaughtertoDukeWen.In624BC,heestablishedhegemonyoverthewesternRongbarbariansandbecamethemostpowerfullordofthetime.Howeverhedidnotchairanyalliancewithotherstatesnorwasheofficiallyrecognizedashegemonbytheking.Therefore,notallsourcesaccepthimasoneoftheFiveHegemons.
HegemonyofChu(613–591BC)
KingZhuangofChuexpandedthebordersofChuwellnorthoftheYangtzeRiver,threateningtheCentralStatesinmodernHenan.AtonepointtheChuforcesadvancedtojustoutsidetheroyalcapitalofZhou,uponwhichKingZhuangsentamessengertoaskhowheavyandbulkytheNineCauldronswere;
implyinghemightsoonarrangetohavethemmovedtohisowncapital.IntheendtheZhoucapitalwasspared,andChushiftedfocustoharassingthenearbystateofZheng.Theonce-hegemonstateofJinintervenedtorescueZhengfromtheChuinvadersbutwereresolutelydefeated,whichmarkstheascensionofChuasthedominantstateofthetime.
Despitehisdefactohegemony,KingZhuang'
sself-proclaimedtitleof"
king"
wasneverrecognizedbytheZhoustates.IntheSpringandAutumnAnnalsheisdefiantlyreferredtobytheChuruler'
soriginaltitle"
viscount"
(thesecond-lowestnoblerank),evenatatimewhenhedominatedmostofsouthChina.LaterhistorianshoweveralwaysincludehimasoneoftheFiveHegemons.
4.HundredSchoolsofThought
TheHundredSchoolsofThought(simplifiedChinese:
诸子百家;
Wade–Giles:
chu-tzupai-chia;
literally:
"
allphilosophershundredschools"
)werephilosophersandschoolsthatflourishedfromthe6thcenturyto221BC,duringtheSpringandAutumnperiodandtheWarringStatesperiodofancientChina.
AneraofgreatculturalandintellectualexpansioninChina,itwasfraughtwithchaosandbloodybattles,butitwasalsoknownastheGoldenAgeofChinesephilosophybecauseabroadrangeofthoughtsandideasweredevelopedanddiscussedfreely.ThisphenomenonhasbeencalledtheContentionofaHundredSchoolsofThought(百家爭鳴/百家争鸣;
pai-chiacheng-ming;
hundredschoolscontend"
).ThethoughtsandideasdiscussedandrefinedduringthisperiodhaveprofoundlyinfluencedlifestylesandsocialconsciousnessuptothepresentdayinEastAsiancountriesandtheEastAsiandiasporaaroundtheworld.Theintellectualsocietyofthiserawascharacterizedbyitinerantscholars,whowereoftenemployedbyvariousstaterulersasadvisersonthemethodsofgovernment,war,anddiplomacy.
ThisperiodendedwiththeriseoftheimperialQinDynastyandthesubsequentpurgeofdissent.
AtraditionalsourceforthisperiodistheShiji,orRecordsoftheGrandHistorianbySimaQian.TheautobiographicalsectionoftheShiji,the"
TaishigongZixu"
(太史公自序),referstotheschoolsofthoughtdescribedbelow.
Confucianism
Confucianism(儒家;
Rú
jiā;
Ju-chia;
Schoolofscholars"
)isthebodyofthoughtthatarguablyhadthemostenduringeffectsonChineselife.ItswrittenlegacyliesintheConfucianClassics,whichlaterbecamethefoundationoftraditionalsociety.Confucius(551–479BC),orKongzi("
MasterKong"
),lookedbacktotheearlydaysoftheZhoudynastyforanidealsocio-politicalorder.Hebelievedthattheonlyeffectivesystemofgovernmentnecessitatedprescribedrelationshipsforeachindividual:
Lettherulerbearulerandthesubjectasubject"
.Furthermore,hecontendedthatakingmustbevirtuousinordertorulestateproperly.ToConfucius,thefunctionsofgovernmentandsocialstratificationwerefactsoflifetobesustainedbyethicalvalues;
thushisidealhumanwas
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