托福阅读长难句400句Word文件下载.docx
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托福阅读长难句400句Word文件下载.docx
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theformerriverbed,anditssandbars,willbesaturatedwithgroundwater.
3.Butnotethatporosityisnotthesameaspermeability,whichmeasuresthe
easewithwhichwatercanflowthroughamaterial;
thisdependsonthe
sizesoftheindividualcavitiesandthecreviceslinkingthem.
4.Iftheporesarelarge,thewaterinthemwillexistasdropstooheavyfor
surfacetensiontohold,anditwilldrainaway;
butiftheporesaresmall
enough,thewaterinthemwillexistasthinfilms,toolighttoovercomethe
forceofsurfacetensionholdingtheminplace;
thenthewaterwillbefirmly
held.
5.Butthemythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroup’soraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.
6.Another,advancedinthetwentiethcentury,suggeststhathumanshaveagiftforfantasy,throughwhichtheyseektoreshaperealityintomoresatisfyingformsthanthoseencounteredindailylife.
7.Forexample,onesignofthisconditionistheappearanceofthecomicvision,sincecomedyrequiressufficientdetachmenttoviewsomedeviationsfromsocialnormsasridiculousratherthanasseriousthreatstothewelfareoftheentiregroup.
8.Timberlinetreesarenormallyevergreens,suggestingthatthesehavesomeadvantageoverdeciduoustrees(thosethatlosetheirleaves)intheextremeenvironmentsoftheuppertimberline.
9.Thisisparticularlytruefortreesinthemiddleandupperlatitudes,whichtendtoattaingreaterheightsonridges,whereasinthetropicsthetreesreachtheirgreaterheightsinthevalleys.
10.Asthesnowisdeeperandlastslongerinthevalleys,treestendtoattaingreaterheightsontheridges,eventhoughtheyaremoreexposedtohigh-velocitywindsandpoor,thinsoilsthere.
11.Windvelocityalsoincreaseswithaltitudeandmaycauseseriousstressfortrees,asismadeevidentbythedeformedshapesathighaltitudes.
12.Somescientistshaveproposedthatthepresenceofincreasinglevelsof
ultravioletlightwithelevationmayplayarole,whilebrowsingandgrazing
animalsliketheibexmaybeanothercontributingfactor.
13.Probablythemostimportantenvironmentalfactoristemperature,forifthe
growingseasonistooshortandtemperaturesaretoolow,treeshootsand
budscannotmaturesufficientlytosurvivethewintermonths.
14.Immediatelyadjacenttothetimberline,thetundraconsistsofafairly
completecoveroflow-lyingshrubs,herbs,andgrasses,whilehigherupthe
numberanddiversityofspeciesdecreaseuntilthereismuchbareground
withoccasionalmossesandlichensandsomeprostratecushionplants.
15.Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeet
itspurpose,architectureemploysmethodsofsupportthat,becausethey
arebasedonphysicallaws,havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscovered
them-evenwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically.
16.Someoftheworld’sfineststonearchitecturecanbeseenintheruinsofthe
ancientIncacityofMachuPicchuhighintheeasternAndesMountainsof
Peru.
17.Itworksincompressiontodiverttheweightaboveitouttothesides,where
theweightisbornebytheverticalelementsoneithersideofthearch.
18.TheOgallalaaquiferisasandstoneformationthatunderliessome583,000
squarekilometersoflandextendingfromnorthwesternTexastosouthern
SouthDakota.
19.Unfortunately,thecostofwaterobtainedthroughanyoftheseschemeswouldincreasepumpingcostsatleasttenfold,makingthecostofirrigatedagriculturalproductsfromtheregionuncompetitiveonthenationalandinternationalmarkets.
20.Whateverthefinalanswertothewatercrisismaybe,itisevidentthatwithintheHighPlains,irrigationwaterwillneveragainbetheabundant,inexpensiveresourceitwasduringtheagriculturalboomyearsofthemid-twentiethcentury.
21.Totakeanextremeexample,farmlandsdominatedbyasinglecroparesounstablethatoneyearofbadweatherortheinvasionofasinglepestcandestroytheentirecrop.
22.Ecologistsareespeciallyinterestedtoknowwhatfactorscontributetotheresilienceofcommunitiesbecauseclimaxcommunitiesallovertheworldarebeingseverelydamagedordestroyedbyhumanactivities.
23.ThedestructioncausedbythevolcanicexplosionofMountSt.Helens,inthenorthwesternUnitedStates,forexample,palesincomparisontothedestructioncausedbyhumans.
24.Manyecologistsnowthinkthattherelativelong-termstabilityofclimaxcommunitiescomesnotfromdiversitybutfromthe“patchiness”oftheenvironment,anenvironmentthatvariesfromplacetoplacesupportsmorekindsoforganismsthananenvironmentthatisuniform.
25.Similarly,aplantoranimalcannotsquanderallitsenergyongrowingabig
bodyifnonewouldbeleftoverforreproduction,forthisisthesurestwayto
extinction.
26.Attheotherextremeare“competitors,”almostallofwhoseresourcesare
investedinbuildingahugebody,withabareminimumallocatedto
reproduction.
27.Anewplantwillspringupwhereveraseedfallsonasuitablesoilsurface,
butbecausetheydonotbuildbigbodies,theycannotcompetewithother
plantsforspace,water,orsunlight.
28.Theseplantsaretermedopportunistsbecausetheyrelyontheirseeds’
fallingintosettingswherecompetingplantshavebeenremovedbynatural
processes,suchasalonganerodingriverbank,onlandslips,orwhereatree
fallsandcreatesagapintheforestcanopy.
29.Humanlandscapesoflawns,fields,orflowerbedsprovidesettingswithbare
soilandalackofcompetitorsthatareperfecthabitatsforcolonizationby
opportunists.
30.Amassiveoakclaimsitsgroundfor200yearsormore,outcompetingall
otherwould-becanopytreesbycastingadenseshadeanddrawingupany
freewaterinthesoil.
31.Itshouldbenoted,however,thatthepureopportunistorpurecompetitoris
rareinnature,asmostspeciesfallbetweentheextremesofacontinuum,
exhibitingablendofsomeopportunisticandsomecompetitive
characteristics.
32.Becausesomepaintingsweremadedirectlyoverothers,obliteratingthem,itisprobablethatapainting’svalueendedwiththemigrationitpictured.
33.OneLascauxnarrativepicture,whichshowsamanwithabirdlikeheadandawoundedanimal,wouldseemtolendcredencetothisthirdopinion,butthereisstillmuchthatremainsunexplained.
34.Perhapssomuchtimehaspassedthattherewillneverbesatisfactoryanswerstothecaveimages,buttheirmystiqueonlyaddstotheirimportance.
35.In1994therewerenearly20,000windturbinesworldwide,mostgroupedinclusterscalledwindfarmsthatcollectivelyproduced3,000megawattsofelectricity.
36.MostwereinDenmark(whichgot3percentofitselectricityfromwindturbines)andCalifornia(where17,000machinesproduced1percentofthestate’selectricity,enoughtomeettheresidentialneedsofacityaslargeasSanFrancisco).
37.Inthelongrun,electricityfromlargewindfarmsinremoteareasmightbeusedtomakehydrogengasfromwaterduringperiodswhenthereislessthanpeakdemandforelectricity.
38.Largewindfarmsmightalsointerferewiththeflightpatternsofmigratorybirdsincertainareas,andtheyhavekilledlargebirdsofprey(especiallyhawks,falcons,andeagles)thatprefertohuntalongthesameridgelines
thatareidealforwindturbines.
39.DavidDouglas,Scottishbotanicalexplorerofthe1830s,foundadisturbingchangeintheanimallifearoundthefortduringtheperiodbetweenhisfirstvisitin1825andhisfinalcontactwiththefortin1832.
40.TheresearchersPeterUckoandAndreeRosenfeldidentifiedthreeprincipallocationsofpaintingsinthecavesofwesternEurope:
(1)inobviouslyinhabitedrocksheltersandcaveentrances;
(2)ingalleriesimmediatelyofftheinhabitedareasofcaves;
and(3)intheinnerreachesofcaves,whosedifficultyofaccesshasbeeninterpretedbysomeasasignthatmagical-religiousactivitieswereperformedthere.
41.Perhaps,likemanycontemporarypeoples,UpperPaleolithicmenandwomenbelievedthatthedrawingofahumanimagecouldcausedeathorinjury,andifthatwereindeedtheirbelief,itmightexplainwhyhumanfiguresarerarelydepictedincaveart.
42.Forexample,wildcattle(bovines)andhorsesareportrayedmoreoftenthanwewouldexpectbychance,probablybecausetheywerelargerandheavier(meatier)thanotheranimalsintheenvironment.
43.Consistentwiththisidea,accordingtotheinvestigators,isthefactthattheartoftheculturalperiodthatfollowedtheUpperPaleolithicalsoseemstoreflecthowpeoplegottheirfood.
44.Butinthatperiod,whengettingfoodnolongerdependedonhuntinglargegameanimals(becausetheywerebecomingextinct),theartceasedtofocusonportrayalsofanimals.
45.Whenthewellreachesapool,oilusuallyrisesupthewellbecauseofitsdensitydifferencewithwaterbeneathitorbecauseofthepressureofexpandinggastrappedaboveit.
46.Morethanone-quarteroftheworld’soilandalmostone-fifthoftheworld’snaturalgascomefromoffshore,eventhoughoffshoredrillingissixtoseventimesmoreexpensivethandrillingonland.
47.Whilethereareadozenormoremassextinctionsinthegeologicalrecord,theCretaceousmassextinctionhasalwaysintriguedpaleontologistsbecauseitmarkstheendoftheageofthedinosaurs.
48.Theexplosionliftedabout100trilliontonsofdustintotheatmosphere,ascanbedeterminedbymeasuringthethicknessofthesedimentlayerformedwhenthisdustsettledtothesurface.
49.Suchaquantityofmaterialwouldhaveblockedthesunlightcompletelyfromreachingthesurface,plungingEarthintoaperiodofcoldanddarknessthatlastedatleastseveralmonths.
50.TheexplosionisalsocalculatedtohaveproducedvastquantitiesofnitricacidandmeltedrockthatsprayedoutovermuchofEarth,startingwidespreadfiresthatmusthaveconsumedmostterrestrialforestsandgrassland.
51.Followingeachmassextinction,thereisasuddenevolutionaryburstasnew
speciesdeveloptofilltheecologicalnichesopenedbytheevent.
52.Earthisatargetinacosmicshootinggallery,subjecttorandomviolent
eventsthatwereunsuspectedafewdecadesago.
53.Earlyinthecentury,apumphadcomeintouseinwhichexpandingsteam
raisedapistoninacylinder,andatmosphericpressurebroughtitdown
againwhenthesteamcondensedinsidethecylindertoformavacuum.
54.Thefinalstepcamewhensteamwasintroducedintothecylindertodrive
thepistonbackwardaswellasforwardtherebyincreasingthespeedofthe
engineandcuttingitsfuelconsumption.
55.Ironmanufacturerswhichhadstarvedforfuelwhiledependingoncharcoal
alsobenefitedfromever-increasingsuppliesofcoal;
blastfurnaceswith
steam-poweredbellowsturnedoutmoreironandsteelforthenew
machinery.
56.
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