Review on A Farewell to Arms文档格式.docx
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Review on A Farewell to Arms文档格式.docx
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Inthelatesummerofthatyearwelivedinahouseinavillagethatlookedacrosstheriverandtheplaintothemountains.Inthebedoftherivertherewere...
AFarewelltoArmsfocusesonarelationshipbetweenanAmericanofficerfightingfortheItalianarmyandaBritishnurseduringWorldWarI.ItthereforecoverstwoofthemostcommontopicsinWestern(andperhapsallof)literature:
loveandwar.Thebookprovidesafirst-personaccountoftheGreatWar,whichisacriticaleventinWesternhistory,anditdiscussessomeoftheperceivedculturaldifferencesbetweenAmericans,Italians,Britons,Austrians,andGermans.Moreover,forthoseofyouespeciallyinterestedinwriting,thisbookisfamousforitsdirect,impassivewritingstyle.
Hemingway'
sstraightforwardwritingstyleusuallykeepsthegrammarsimple.However,thisalsomeansthatthebooksometimesdescribesimportanteventsinveryfewwords,soitiseasytomisssomethingimportant.Moreover,thebookmakesmanyreferenceswithoutanyexplanation—forexample,referencestoEurope,Europeanlanguages,andwarvocabulary—whichmaymakeitdifficulttounderstandwithoutlookingtheseuponyourown.
TheAnalysisoftheIcebergPrincipleandUnyieldingManinHemingway’sWorks
TheIcebergTheory(alsoknownasthe"
theoryofomission"
)isatermusedtodescribethewritingstyleofAmericanwriterErnestHemingway(July21,1899–July2,1961).HemingwayisbestknownforworkssuchasTheSunAlsoRises,AFarewelltoArms,andTheOldManandtheSea.
Hebeganwritingasajournalist,andinthe1920shewasstationedinParisasforeigncorrespondentfortheTorontoStar.Throughwritingasajournalist,helearnedtheimportanceoffocusingonlyonthatwhichwasbeingreported,thoughotherimportantmattersmightlurkinthebackgroundorbelowthesurface.Heomittedthesematters.
Asawriterofshortstorieshehonedhiscraftandcreatedasurfacestoryfromwhichoftenthemainstorywasomitted,orwasmerelyhintedat.Themeaningofapieceisnotmeanttobeimmediatelyevidentfromthesurfacestory,becausethecruxofthestoryliesbelowthesurface.Criticsbelievehisicebergtheory,ortheoryofomission,incombinationwithhisdistinctiveclarityofwriting,createdadistancebetweenhimselfandthecharactershecreated.
ThefamousAmericannovelistErnestHemingwaywaswell-knownforoneofhisparticularstyles:
IcebergPrinciple.Heoncedrewananalogybetweenhisworksandtheicebergfloatingonthesea.Onlyone-eighthwasonthewaterandtheotherpartcouldn’tbeseen.Hemingwaythoughtthathiswritingwasjustliketheiceberg.Hesimplydescribedthescenery,theaction,orthedialogueanddidn’tgiveanycommentary.Thatis,hepresentedthereadersone-eighthoftheicebergandleftalargespaceforthemtoimaginewhattheseven-eighthspartleftshouldbelike,includingthesetting,thebackground,thecharacteristicsofcharacters,therelationshipsbetweentheheroesandothercharacters,eventheending.Whathetriedtoachievewas“thevividpictureobtainedthroughthedirectcommunicationsbetweentheeyesandthereferenceandthatbetweenthereferenceandthereaders”.Forthispurpose,hedeletedtheexplanations,theinquiriesandthecomments;
heeliminatedthesuperfluouswords,andonlykepttheconcise,refinedlanguage.Heregardeditimportantforawritertogivethereadersenoughspacetoimaginebythemselves.Hebelievedthatawriterknewwhathewaswritingabout,hecouldomitsomedetails,and,ifthewritingwasgoodenough,thereaderscouldfigureoutwhatthewriterhadomittedinhiswriting.
Hemingwayisoneofthegreatestwritersinthe20thcentury.Hecreatedacharacteristicwritingstylewhichiswell-knownastheIcebergTheorytoday.Heexplainedthistheoryinthisway:
“Ifitisofanyusetoknowit,Ialwaystrytowriteontheprinciple
Howisthe"
icebergprinciple"
usedinHemingway'
sworks?
AnswerHemingway'
stheoryofomissioniswidelyreferredtoasthe"
icebergprinciple."
Heexplainsthisprincipleinchapter16ofhis1932book,DeathintheAfternoon.Essentially,theprinciplestatesthatbyomittingcertainpartsofastory,awriteractuallystrengthensthatstory.Thewritermustbeconsciousoftheseomissionsandbewritingtrueenoughinorderforthereadertosensetheomittedparts.Whenthereadersensestheomittedparts,agreaterperceptionandunderstandingforthestorycanbeachieved.Let'
sapplyHemingway'
s“icebergprinciple”totheendingsofsomeofhismostfamousworks.AttheendofTheSunAlsoRises,JakeBarnesandBrettAshleycontemplatealifetogether.AttheendofAFarewelltoArms,FredericHenrywalksbacktohishotelaloneintherain.AttheendofForWhomtheBellTolls,RobertJordanawaitshisimpendingdeath.Thefateofthesecharactersisneverdirectlystated.Hemingwaydoesn'
ttellthereaderthatJakeBarnesandHemingway’sIcebergPrincipleinTheKillers
Hemingwaypioneeredanewstyleofwritingthatisalmostcommonplacetoday.Hedidawaywithallthefloridproseofthe19thcenturyVictorianeraandreplaceditwithalean,clearprosebasedonactionratherthanreflection.Healsoemployedatechniquebywhichhewouldleaveoutessentialinformationofthestoryunderthebeliefthatomissioncansometimesaddstrengthtoanarrative.Itwasastyleofsubtletywhichcontrastedgreatly(andinawayenhanced)thethemeshewroteabout...war,bloodsportslikebullfightingorboxing,crime,etc.Itishardtofindanyonewritingtodaywhodoesn'
toweadebtofinfluencetoHemingway.
TheIcebergTheoryInTheOldManAndTheSea.ThispaperismainlylooksintotheHemingwayIcebergTheory.HemingwayIcebergTheory,nowisgenerallyadoptedbywritersaroundtheworld,wasfirstcreatedbyErnestHemingway.Anditmakeshisworksuniqueandhelpshimconveyhisideaseffectivelyintheworks.“TheOldManandTheSea”,whichisamasterpieceifHemingway,typicallyshowshowtheIcebergTheoryisappliedintheworksofHemingway.Byanalyzingsomeexamplesofemployingtheicebergtheoryinthisnovel,thereaderscangetabetterunderstandingoftheIcebergTheoryandtheimportantroleitplaysinHemingway’sworks.
HemingwayisfamousforhisIcebergPrinciple,thatis,topresentthestorywithsimplesentencesanddialoguesandleavealargespaceforreaderstoexplore,toreflect.Itwasjustliketheiceberg,whichhadonlyone-eighthpartonthewaterandseven-eighthspartunderthewater.ThisessaydiscusseshowtheicebergprinciplewasusedintheshortstoryTheKillers.Itanalysesthecharactersrespectively:
thetwokillers,George,NickandSam.Italsopenetratesthroughthenatureofthesociety.ItshowsthatwecandeeplyunderstandHemingway’sworkswiththehelpoftheIcebergPrinciple.
Let'
ttellthereaderthatJakeBarnesandBrettAshleywillneverbetogether.Instead,itis“prettytothink”thattheycouldhavehadadamnedgoodlifetogether.Hemingwaydoesn'
ttellthereaderwhatliesinstoreforFredericHenryafterheleaveshisdeadloverinthehospital.Doeshiswalkaloneintherainrepresentemotionalfreedomordevastation?
RobertJordanissurelytodieattheendofForWhomtheBellTolls,butHemingwayleavesthereaderwiththeimageofJordan'
s“heartbeating”againsttheforestfloor.
InHemingway’sshortstoryTheKillers,wecanseehisIcebergPrinciplebeingapplied.Inthisstory,conversationisthemostimportantelementandthemostimportantsourceforthereaders’imagination.
Hemingwaydislikeddiscussionsregardingthesymbolisminhisworks.Theicebergprinciple,”however,byitsverynature,invitessymbolicinterpretationsandIthinkHemingwayacknowledgedthisinhisownsubtleway.FraserDrewoncequotedhimassaying:
“Nogoodwritereverpreparedhissymbolsaheadoftimeandwrotehisbookaboutthem,butoutofagoodbookwhichistruetolifesymbolsmayariseandbeprofitablyexploredifnotover-emphasized.”
Hemingway'
sicebergtheoryhighlightsthesymbolicimplicationsofart.Hemakesuseofphysicalactiontoprovideaninterpretationofthenatureofman’sexistence.Itcanbeconvincinglyprovedthat,“whilerepresentinghumanlifethroughfictionalforms,hehasconsistentlysetmanagainstthebackgroundofhisworldanduniversetoexaminethehumansituationfromvariouspointsofview”.
Hemingwaybelievedthatifcontextorbackgroundhadbeenwrittenaboutbyanother,andwrittenaboutwell,thenitcouldbeleftoutofhiswriting.OfTheOldManandtheSeaheexplains:
“Inwritingyouarelimitedtobywhathasalreadybeendonesatisfactorily.SoIhavetriedtodosomething
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