英国文学史重要资料详细解读Word下载.docx
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II.Beowulfandballads
Beowulf:
heroicepic;
1stEnglishnationalliterarywork
cf:
FirstChineseliterarywork
TheBookofSongs(ClassicofPoetry)(《诗经》)(305poemsfromXizhoutomiddleChunqiu:
folksongs,sacrificialsongsandceremonialsongs)
III.GeoffreyChaucer(ca1343-1400)
Majorworks:
TheHouseofFame(1379-1384);
TroilusandCriseyde(1372-1385);
TheCanterburyTales(1386-1400)
Statusinliterature:
“fatherofEnglishpoetry”&
oneofthegreatestnarrativepoetsinBritain;
firstgreatpoetinthecurrentEnglishlanguage;
IV.Selectedwriting
1.TheCanterburyTales
Originalplan:
acollectionofstoriesinaframetale,between1387and1400about30pilgrimsfromLondontoCanterbury.Eachpilgrim,fromalllayersofsociety,tells4storiestoeachothertokilltimewhiletraveling.
PartIVTheRenaissance
1.
Renaissance
Definition---(Fr.)rebirthorrevival:
aculturalmovementroughlyfrom14thto17thc.,fromItalyinlateMiddleAgesandlatertotherestofEurope;
arevivaloflearningbasedonclassicalsources;
Influence:
literature,philosophy,art,politics,science,religion,&
otheraspectsofintellectualenquiry;
bestknownforartisticdevelopments&
contributionsofsuchpolymaths(博学大师)asLeonardodaVinci&
Michelangelo,whoinspiredtheterm"
Renaissancemen"
.
RenaissancemarkedatransitionfromtheMedievalPeriodtothemodernageinEuropeanhistory.
2)TwofeaturesofRenaissance
(1)athirstforclassicallit.:
TheydiscoveredandreadancientGreek&
Romanclassicswhichledtofloweringofpainting,sculpture,architectureandsoon.
(2)akeeninterestinlifeandhumanactivitiesratherthanreligion
3)Representatives&
theirfamousworks
Leonardo.DaVinci(1452-1519)MonaLisa(1479-1528),LaGioconda,wifeofFrancescodelGiocondoTheLastSupper1498
2)MichelangelodiLodovicoBuonarrotiSimoni(1475-1564)sculptor,painter,architect&
poetDavidGiganticmarble,startedin1501&
finishedin1504TheHolyFamilywiththeinfantSt.JohntheBaptist(theDoniTondo)TheCreationofAdam(FragmentoftheSistineChapelceiling)1511-12Fresco(壁画):
TheSeparationofLightandDarkness(1508-1512),SistineChapel,Vatican
3)Dante(1472-1629)
DanteAlighieri:
poet,prosewriter,lit.theorist,moralphilosopher,politicalthinker
DivineComedy(《神曲》)TobewidelyconsideredthecentralepicpoemofItalianliterature,&
asoneofgreatestworksofworldlit.
2.OldEnglandinTransition
Historicalbackground:
16thc----fromfeudalismtocapitalism:
“sheepdevouredmen”byThomasMore
Absolutemonarchy:
breakoffwiththePope,dissolvingallthemonasteries&
abbeys(修道院),confiscatingtheirlandsandproclaiminghimselfheadoftheChurchofEngland.AbsolutemonarchyreacheditssummitduringreignofQueenElizabeth(1558-1603).
HundredYears’WarwithFrance(1336-1453)→civilwars.
HenryVII(1481-1509):
Tudordynasty,acentralizedmonarchyofatotallynewtype,whichmettheneedsoftherisingbourgeoisie.
seapowerafterdefeatingSpain
developmentofscience&
art
3.EnglishRenaissance
Definition:
Largelyliterary,agreatnumberofclassicalworksweretranslatedintoEng.during16thc.,whichwascarriedoutbyprogressivethinkersofhumanists.
Chiefinterest:
notinecclesiastical(基督教的;
(与)教会(有关)的)knowledge,butinman,hisenvironment&
doings;
bravefightforemancipation(解放)ofmanfromtyrannyofthechurchandreligiousdogmas.
Greatestachievement:
Elizabethandrama→Shakespeare,C.Marlow(blankverse)&
B.Johnson;
prose→F.Bacon,T.More(Utopia)
Subjectmatter:
awayfromreligioussubjects,&
intootherrealmsofsocial&
personallife
II.WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)
1.Lifeandcareer
1564:
Borninmarkettown---Stratford-upon-Avon;
1571:
localgrammarschool(Latin&
Greek);
1585,leftforLondon,1stworkedbytakingcareofhorses,graduallyjoinedactors,&
by1592,aleadingactor.Inadditiontoacting,begantowriteplaysandpoems.
2.Works
Roughly4periods:
37plays,2narrativepoems&
154sonnets
1590-1594--apprenticeship:
earlyhistoryplays&
agroupofcomedies
1595-1600--rapidgrowth&
development:
morecareful&
artisticwork,betterplot,andamarkedincreaseinknowledgeofhumannature
1601-1608--gloomanddepression:
aperiodofhistragedies
1609-1612--restoredserenity:
calmafterstorm
1)Comedy
All’sWellThatEndsWell(darkcomedy)AsYouLikeItTheComedyofErrors
Cymbeline(romantictragiccomedy)(辛白林)Love’sLabour’sLost(《爱的徒劳》)
MeasureforMeasureTheMerryWivesofWindsorMerchantofVenice
AMidsummerNight'
sDreamMuchAdoAboutNothingPericles,PrinceofTyre
TamingoftheShrewTheTempest(骚动)(romantictragicomedy)TroilusandCressida
TwelfthNightTwoGentlemenofVeronaWinter'
sTale(romantictragicomedy)
2)HistoryHenryIV,part1HenryIV,part2HenryV
HenryVI,part1HenryVI,part2HenryVI,part3HenryVIIIKingJohnRichardIIRichardIII
3)TragedyAntonyandCleopatraCoriolanusHamlet*JuliusCaesarKingLear*
Macbeth*Othello*RomeoandJulietTimonofAthensTitusAndronicus
4)PoetrySonnetsALover'
sComplaintTheRapeofLucreceVenusandAdonis
FuneralElegy(哀歌)byW.S.
3.Shakespeare’sachievements
1)Herepresentsthetrendofhistoryingivingvoicetothedesires&
aspirationsofthepeople:
peaceunderastrongmonarchwhowouldunitethewholecountry.
2)Humanism:
Moreimportantthanhishistoricalsenseofhistime,hereflectsthespiritofhisage.
3)Charactersare“round”(manyaspectsordimensions):
vice&
virtuecommingle,trueofcommonsenseofhumanity;
4)Originality:
thoughdrawingmostlyfromsourcesknowntoaudience,hisplaysareoriginalforhisinstillingintooldmaterialsanewspirit.
5)Shakespeareasagreatpoet---bothagreatdramatist&
poet:
Sonnets,longpoems,hisdramasallinpoeticformrichinimages,conceit(别出心裁的比喻),metaphors&
symbols;
lyrical,poetical,ecstatic,pathetic(狂喜的),cynical(愤世嫉俗的),sarcastic,andironic.
6)ShakespeareasmasteroftheEnglishlanguage:
Acommandofabout15,000wordswithdifferentmeaningsofthesameword,orviceversa;
manyofhisquotations&
phraseshavebeenabsorbedintotheEnglishlg.
4.Workstudy:
Hamlet
Masterart---
madnessreal&
sham;
intentionalkilling&
unintentional;
playwithintheplay;
reversionorsurpriseturnofevents;
hesitation:
bothlove&
hatredforthemother;
killing&
delay;
language&
characterization,etc.
Language
courtly:
elaborate,wittydiscourseHamletismostskilledatrhetoric:
highlydevelopedmetaphors,stichomythia(轮流对白),&
in9memorablewords,deployingbothanaphora(首语重复)&
asyndeton(连接词省略):
"
todie:
tosleep—/Tosleep,perchancetodream"
precise&
straightforward,st.puns
Theme
revenge&
struggleforthethronewithinthecourt,butmainpurposewasfortherevelationofsthmoreprofound&
realistic:
contradictionbetweenhumanistidealsandthereality.
Soliloquy(独白)
adramaticspeechdeliveredbyonecharacterspeakingaloudwhileundertheimpressionofbeingalone.Thesoliloquistrevealsinnerthoughts&
feelingstoaudience,eitherinsupposedself-communionorinaconsciouslydirectaddress;
alsoknownasinteriormonologue(内心独白).
Hamlet'
ssoliloquies
Heinterruptshimself,vocalisingeitherdisgustoragreementwithhimself,&
embellishing(润色)hisownwords.Hehasdifficultyexpressinghimselfdirectlyandinsteadbluntsthrustofhisthoughtwithwordplay.Itisnotuntillateintheplay,afterhisexperiencewiththepirates,thatheisabletoarticulatehisfeelingsfreely.
译文欣赏
生存还是毁灭,这是一个值得考虑的问题;
默然忍受命运暴虐的毒箭,或是挺身反抗人世间无涯的苦难,通过斗争把它们扫清,这两种行为,哪一种更高贵?
死了;
睡着了;
什么都完了;
要是在这一种睡眠之中,我们心头的创痛,以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击,都可以从此消失,那正是我们求之不得的结局。
死了;
睡着了也许还会做梦;
嗯,阻碍就在这儿:
因为当我们摆脱了这一具朽腐的皮囊以后,
在那死的睡眠里,究竟将要做些什么梦,那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。
人们甘心久困于患难之中,也就是为了这个缘故;
谁愿意忍受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律的迁延、官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视,
要是他只要用一柄小小的刀子,就可以清算他自己的一生?
谁愿意负着这样的重担,
在烦劳的生命的压迫下呻吟流汗,倘不是因为惧怕不可知的死后,惧怕那从来不曾有一个旅人回来过的神秘之国,是它迷惑了我们的意志,使我们宁愿忍受目前的磨折,不敢向我们所不知道的痛苦飞去?
这样,重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫,决心那赤热的光彩,被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色,伟大的事业在这一种考虑之下,也会逆流而退,失去了行动的意义。
且慢!
美丽的奥菲利娅!
——女神,在你的祈祷之中,不要忘记替我忏悔我的罪孽。
3.Sonnets
2types:
Italian&
EnglishorShakespearean
Italiantype:
afterItalianpoetF.Petrarca(1304-74).14linesbreakintoanoctave(八行诗节,withrhymesabbaabba,describingaproblem)andasestet(六行诗节,withrhymescdecde,cdccdc,orcdedce,providingaresolution).
EnglishorShakespeareantype:
3quatrains(四行诗)&
acoupletwithrhymesababcdcdefefgg
Italianform:
usu.asubject(problem)intheoctave,thenaturnatbeginningofthesestet,releasingthetensionbuiltupintheoctave.
Shakespeareanform:
awiderrangeofpossibilities:
anideainthe1stquatrain,complicatesitinthe2nd,complicatesitstillfurtherinthe3rd,andresolvesthewholethinginthefinalepigrammatic(警句的)couplet.
III.FrancisBacon(1561-1626)
1561:
sonofagovernmentministerattendedCambridgeat12–16
at
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