中国文化unit3文档格式.docx
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中国文化unit3文档格式.docx
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work"
"
achievement"
or"
merit"
and
夫
(fū)whichisalternatelytreatedasbeingawordfor"
man"
orasaparticleornominalsuffixwithdiversemeanings(thesamecharacterisusedtowriteboth).Aliteralrenderingofthefirstinterpretationwouldbe"
achievementofman"
whilethesecondisoftendescribedas"
workandtime/effort"
.Itsconnotationisthatofanaccomplishmentarrivedatbygreateffortoftimeandenergy.In
Mandarin,whentwo"
first
tone"
wordssuchas
gōng
and
fū
arecombined,thesecondwordoftentakesaneutraltone,inthiscaseforming
gōngfu.Thewordisalsosometimeswrittenas工夫,thisversionoftenbeingusedformoregeneral,non-martialartsusagesoftheterm.
Dragon
DeeplyrootedinChineseculture,dragonandphoenixwereregardedasthemostscaredanimalsandusedtobeemblemsofemperorandempress.TheChinesedragonistraditionallytheembodimentoftheconceptofyang(male),whilephoenixwaspaired(yin,female)withdragon.Theywereusedasdecorativesignsonthebuildings,clothingandotherdailyusesarticlesofimperialpalacetohighlyshowoffthattheemperorasrealdragonandsonofheaven.Eventhebedhesleeponwascalled"
dragonbed"
whilethronebethe"
dragonseat"
otherChinesevocabularieslike"
phoenixcarriage"
andsoonwerecommontoshowtheirheaven-sentstatus.
LungorChineseDragonisunliketheevildragoninthewest;
itwasagraciouscreaturethatabletodoalmosteverything,flyingintotheskyandliveinthedeepoceanorlake.ForancientChinesepeople,Lungisanidealanimalthatwasworshipedastherulerofriver,lakeandsea,bringingrainandwatertotheearth.Heisfriendlyandwiseandhonoredinthetemplebeingbuilt.Lunggraduallyadoptedthemeaningofpowerandboldness,intelligentandambitious,heroismandnobility,andthenreferredtotheauthorityandpowerofimperialhouse.
ChineseMedicine
TraditionalChineseMedicinehasalonghistoryinChina.Itispracticalandeffectivetocuremanykindsofdiseases.ThatiswhytraditionalChinesemedicineexpediencessomanysetbacksandlivesthroughtilnow.
InChina,wheneveryouenteraclinic,thedoctorfirsttakesfourstepstolearnaboutyourcondition.Firstly,observation
(to
observe
the
facial
condition,such
as
thetongue,faceetc.)Secondly,listening
listen
to
pattern
of
heart
beat
sound
frombody)Thirdly,inquiry(to
ask
detailed
questions
about
such
issues
quality
sleep,mood,preferredfood,dream,appetiteandstress)Fourthly,
pulse-taking
feel
pulsepatterninthewristtoknow
internal
body
condition
blood
circulation)
Afterthefoursteps,thedoctorcan
almost
know
your
make
a
diagnosis
thepatient’sconditionand
what
problem
is.
As
for
foreigners
who
do
not
muchaboutTraditionalChinese
Medicine,
they
will
surprised
doubted
if
comeacrossthiscase.However,
it
is
way
how
Traditional
Chinese
Medicine
works
exactlyinaverysmallaspect.
ChineseTea
BeingavividChineseculturalspecialtyaswellasKungfuandtraditionalChinesemedicine,ChineseteahasbeenbeingdevelopedinChinaforalongtimeaccompaniedwithwhichaseriesofteaculturetookshape.WidelyknowninChinesehistoryasafortuitousdiscoveryofShennong(神农),arenownedChineselegendarychieftainandrespectedphysicianinthefarancienttimes,teahadbeenmentionedintheoldChinesemedicalwork"
HerbalClassic(本草经)"
whichwaswritteninthe1st
century.
"
TeaClassic"
thefirstworkaboutteaintheworldwrittenbyLuYu(733-804,the"
ChineseTeaSaint"
livinginTangDynasty),representsthatnotonlydidChineseteaplayanessentialpartindietbutalsoteacultureseepedintoallaspectsofpeople'
sdailylife,e.g.poetry,painting,calligraphy,religion,medicine.NowadaysinChinaagreatdealofknowledgeaboutteaisstilltreatedasinvaluablepatrimony,teaisstillacommondrinkonthetableandithasevenbecomeanidealpresentwhenpeoplehostorvisitothers.
Usedasmedicineattheverybeginningandthencookedwithotherfoodasdiet,teawasnotmadebysoakingtea-leaveswithhotwateruntilMingDynasty(1368-1644),whichisthemostcommonwayofmakingteainChinatoday.However,therearestillsomedifferencesinmakingteasduetothevarietiesofthetea-leaves.Itisacommonsensetomakeacupofteabyfillinghotwaterintothecupwithinstantorsmall-bagtea-leaves,butitiswidelyconsideredtobeabetterwaytomakemellowteabysoakingtea-leaveswithhotwaterinateapotforsometime(5-10minutesorlonger,dependingonpersonalpreference).Tea-leavesareusuallydiscardedafterbeingsoakedonceortwice.
Basedonthecolor,theteacanbeclassified:
GreenTea,YellowTea,WhiteTea
QingCha,BlackTea(HongCha),DarkTea(HeiCha)
Eightstepsofbrewingtea:
1.Washthecups2.Puttheteaintheteapot
3.Pourboilingwater4.Shavethefoam5.Puttheteaintothecups
6.Finallypoursometea7.Enjoythetea8.Drinking
InChinanowadays,teastillplaysanimportantroleinpeople'
sdailylifeespeciallyathome,restaurantsandteahouses.Generally,eldersarefondofthetraditionaltea-makingforleisureandtheoriginaltaste,whiletheyouthpreferbottledteadrinksbecauseofitsconvenienceandvariousflavors.
BeijingOpera
BeijingOperaisaformof
traditionalChinesetheatre
whichcombinesmusic,vocalperformance,mime,dance,andacrobatics.Itaroseinthelate18thcenturyandbecamefullydevelopedandrecognizedbythemid-19thcentury.
Theformwasextremelypopularinthe
Qingdynasty
courtandhascometoberegardedasoneoftheculturaltreasuresofChina.
Majorperformancetroupesarebasedin
Beijing
Tianjin
inthenorth,and
Shanghai
inthesouth.
Theartformisalsopreservedin
Taiwan,whereitisknownasGuoju(国剧).IthasalsospreadtoothercountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandJapan.
Classificationofroles
TheroleonthePekingOperastagefallintofourmajorroles-Sheng(生),Dan(旦),Jing(净),Chou(丑).[42]
Sheng(生):
refertomen,dividedintoLaosheng(老生),Xiaosheng(小生),Wusheng(武生)
Dan(旦):
refertowomen,dividedintoZhengdan(正旦),Laodan(老旦),Huadan(花旦),Wudan(武旦),Daomadan(刀马旦)
Jing(净):
refertopainted-facerole,knowpopularlyasHualian,dividedintoZhengjing(正净),Fujing(副净),Wujing(武净),Maojing(毛净)
Chou(丑):
refertopainted-facerole,knowpopularlyasXiaohualian,dividedintoWenchou(文丑),Wuchou(武丑),Nü
chou(女丑)
ChineseFood
Chinesefoodowningalonghistoryhasvarietiesofgenresandfeaturedstyles.Exquisiteandcomplexskillsareneeded,ifonewantstocookChinesefood.ChineseCuisineCulture
isanimportantcomponentofChineseculture,whichmakesChineseCuisineoneoftheworldthreemaincuisines:
ChineseCuisine,FrenchCuisineandTurkishCuisine.
InChina,culturesindifferentregionsarerespectivelydistinctive.Soarethefoodcultures.Itgives
rise
different
styles
food.Thereareeightmainregionalcuisines,EightGreatCuisines(八大菜系):
Anhui(徽菜),Guangdong(粤菜),Fujian(闽菜),Hunan(湘菜),Jiangsu(苏菜),Shandong(鲁菜),Sichuan(川菜),Zhejiang(浙菜).ExcepttheEightGreatCuisines,
Beijing
CuisineandShanghaiCuisinearealsofamousefromChinaandabroad.
TheChinesegastronomyischaracterizedbythemultiplicityofitsingredients,thecomplexityofitsmethodsofcutting,thesophisticationintheuseofcondimentsandspices,itsmethodsofcookingandfinallytheincrediblevarietyofitsdishes.
AccordingtoastatisticalstudypublishedinChinain1983,theremorethan60,000differentChinesedishes.
ChineseMusic
Accordingtothearchaeologicaldiscoveryofthebone-fluteunearthedinWuyangCounty,HenanProvince,Chinesemusiccanbetracedbackto8000yearsago.Overalonghistory,Chinesenationcreatedamarvelouscultureofmusicwhichalsohasafar-reachinginfluencetothecountry’sneighboringareas.
Chinaisknownasacountryofmusicinthefarancienttimes;
theChineseancientmusicisofgreatimportanceinthecultureandetiquetteofthecountry.With
alongstandingtraditionofmusicaleducationasearlyastheWarringStatePeriod(475BC-221BC),Confuciushadsetthestudyproceduresfrompoemstoetiquetteandthenthelastimportant,tomusic.
Developedfromtheprimitivemusiccreatedincollectivelabouring,Chinesemusichasexpandedintoahugesystemforalong-termcreationwithrichinstrumentsandforms,andalargenumberofexcellentmusiciansandpieces.TalkaboutChinesemusic,theuniquefolkmusicandthe"
essence"
ofChinaculture,theChineseoperas,cannotbemissed,whiletalkaboutfolksongs,wehavetomentionTheJasmineFlowers,whichisaworld-renownedsongandidentifiedasthepremierrepresentativeoftheChinesefolkmusic.
TheChinesenationalmusicalinstrumentisthekeypartinChinesemusic.Withalonghistorystanding,thereareaseriesofnationalinstrumentsdevelopedinChina.Intermsofmaterial,the
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