step by step3000第三册unit9答案及原文Word格式文档下载.docx
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step by step3000第三册unit9答案及原文Word格式文档下载.docx
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dramaticallylowerthanotherformsofmasstransit.Maglev
LightRail
1.Lightrailtransitisanelectricrailwaysystemcharacterizedbyitsabilityto
operatesinglecarsormulti-cartrainsalongsharedorexclusiverights-of-wayat
groundlevel,onaerialstructures,insubways,oroccasionallyinstreets.
2.Itisabletoboardanddischargepassengersatstationplatformsor
atstreet,track,orcar-floorlevel,andisnormallypoweredbyoverheadelectricalwires.
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3.Themaximumspeedoflightrailtrainsisnormally60milesperhour(100km
perhour).
4.Passengercapacityofeachcarinamultiplecarconsistcanbeuptoasmany
as250passengers(standeesincluded).
1.Monorail
Monorailsystemsrelyonaverysimpletechnology:
Monorailsystemsaresafebecausethedesignandnatureofmonorailsystems
makeitverydifficultfortrespasserstoaccesstheguide-wayandpowerrails.
2.Maglev
3.LightRail
Lightrailtransitisanelectricrailwaysystem,constructedinthe1970sorlater,
characterizedbyitsabilitytooperatesinglecarsormulti-cartrainsalongsharedor
exclusiverights-of-wayatgroundlevel,onaerialstructures,insubways,or
occasionallyinstreets.Itisabletoboardanddischargepassengersatstation
platformsoratstreet,track,orcar-floorlevel,andisnormallypoweredbyoverhead
electricalwires.
Inmostcurrentsettings,lightrailisanythingbutlightandisbuilttoexacting
standards.Themaximumspeedoflightrailtrainsisnormally60milesperhour
(100kmperhour),whileheavyrailtrainsnormallyoperateathigher
speeds.Dependinguponthespecificsystem,thedistancebetweenlightrailstationsis
shorterthanwithinheavyrailsystems,whichlendssomemajoradvantagestourban
settings.
Lightrailtrainsoperateaseithersingleormultiplecarconsists.Passenger
capacityofeachcarinamultiplecarconsistcanbeuptoasmanyas250passengers
(standeesincluded).
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PARTII
SowhyisthenumberofUScitiesrunningstreetcarsandotherlightrail
systemsnowupto19?
Whyare43othercitiesbuildingordrawingplansforlightrail
lines?
DanTangherliniisactingdicrestorofWanshingtonD.C.'
sTransportation
Department.:
Manycitiesarebeginningtore-evaluatethatdecisiontomoveaway
fromstreetcars.Welookatcurrentbusridershipmembers,andmanyoftheroutes
thathavethehighestbusridershipweresomeofourmostpopularstreetcarroutes.
Sotheregoesthenotiongthatthebusesareprovidingincreasedflexibility,atleaston
thoseroads.Andsomaybethere'
ssomethingbetweentheveryexpensivesubway
systems,whichcostbetween140and200milliondollarsamileandthebusroute.
Andthat'
swhatwe'
rebeginningtoask.
Streetcarlinescostlessthan10milliondollarsamiletobuild.Washingtonisthe
latestcitytoannounceitisstudyingthefeasibilityofbringbackstreetcars,even
thoughitalreadyitalreadyenjoysafast-movingregionalsubwaysystemcalled
“metro”thatrunsthroughseveralpartsofthecity.
AcrosscountryinWashingtonD.C.,BillLindworksforaconservativethinktank
calledtheFreeCongressFoundation.Theorganizationhasprintedseveralstudies
supportinglightrailtransit,includingstreetcars.
“Theoldrationaleforgettingridofthestreetcarsisthattheygetinthewayof
theautomobiles.Butwhatwefoundisthattheautomobile,generallywithoneperson
percar,isprobablytheleastefficientwaytousethelimitedamountofspaceyou
haveonurbanstreets.Ifyou'
vegot50peopleonboardastreetcar,you'
redoingalot
betterjobofmakinguseofthestreetspaceyouhave.”
EvenifWashington'
stransitdepartmentgetsthegreenlighttobringback
streetcars,it'
slikelytobeatleasttenyearsbeforeMr.Lindandhisneighborwillbe
ridingthem.Thecityhastosecurefederalfundingforalargechunkofthework.
Citizenswhosaytheypineforthetrolleysmaylosetheirnostalgiawhentheyrealize
thecarswillbejanglingpasttheirwindowsorslowingtheirautomobileridesacross
town.
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ButacrossAmerica,streetcarsandlightrailtrainsarecuriositiesno
longer.They'
reaprestigeitem,tangibleproofthatacityisenvironmentally
friendly,onthemove,andintouchwiththehumandesire,inthemidstoftoday'
s
bustleandspeed,forastreetcar'
ssoothingtouchofserenity.
A:
themostpopularstreetcarroutes
B:
lessthan10milliondollars(130-190milliondollars)/between140and200
milliondollars
theleastefficientwaytousethelimitedamountofspaceonurbanstreets
you'
vegot50peopleonboardastreetcar.
federalfunding
janglepastcitizens'
windows
C:
slowtheautomobilesrides
acityisenvironmentallyfriendly
astreetcar'
4/9
I.Aboveandundergroundpublictransitsystems
A.trafficjams/congestion
II.Publictransportation
A.lightrailsystems
B.anewpublictrain
III.
B.1.metrosystems
2.SoutheastAsia
3.innovativeusofpublictransitbuses.
IV.Excessivegreenhousegasemissions
B.clean
C.theamountofenergyused
Transcript:
Todaytheworld'
surbanareasholdmorethan4timesthepopulationinthe
1950'
s.trafficispillingupinnearlyeverymajormetropolitanarea.InBangkok,the
CapitalofThailand,trafficjamslastforhourswhiletheeconomylosesanestimated
6%ofoutput.Manygovernmentsarepromotingaboveandundergroundtransit
systemstofightsuchcongestion.
Thesoundsofpublictransitsystemsarespreadingthroughouttheworld.Urban
trainsareappearingeveninthewideexpansesofthewesternUnitedStates,in
placeslikeDallas,aTexascityknownforoilrichesandbigcars.
“InTexas,wearenotveryusedtoridingatraintotravelaroundthecity.But
actually,DallasandHoustonhavebothstartedlightrailsystems.Itisverypopularin
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bothcities.”ThisisBrewsterMcCracken,acitycouncilmemberintheTexascapital,
Austin.ItscitizenrecentlyvotedofranewpublictrainsimilarotthoseinDallasand
Houston.ThenSustinplanwilluseexistingrailroadtracksalreadyinplacethroughout
thecity.
WhatishappeninginTexasreflectsagrowingtrendelsewhereintheUnited
States,saysWilliamMillar.He'
spresidentofthenon-profitAmericanPublic
TransportationAssociation.“Inthelastseveralyears,publictransportationinAmerica
hasundergonearenaissance.”VotersacrosstheUnitedStatesaresupportingpublic
transitsystemsliketheoneinAustin.“Whatisshowsisthatthepublicinmany
placesisreadytoinvestinpublictransportation.”
In1900,manyUScitieshadextensiveurbanrailsystems.Butwiththearrivalof
theautomobilemostofthemdisappearedbythe1950s.nowmanycitiesare
returningtowiththeyhad100yearsago.
Inothercountries,ridingbuses,trainsorsubwaysarepartofeveryday
life.“Many,manycountriessupportpublictransportationtoamuchgreaterdegree
thanhappensintheUnitedStates,particularlyinEurope.Inotherplacesintheworld
thataredevelopingcities,thereisatremendousgrowthofinvestmentinpublic
transit.InChina,forexample,cityaftercitynowisbuildingmetrosystems.
ThroughoutSoutheastAsia,certainlythecapitalcities,overthelasttoworthree
decades,havebuiltmajorrailsystems.ThroughoutSouthAmericaweseenotonly
railsystemsbeingbuilt,butweseesomeofthemostinnovativeuseofpublictransit
busesasanywhereintheworld.”
PartIII
1.EuroRouteisaschemethatoperatesatmuchlowerrunningcoststhaneach
coast..,er...tenkilometersoutfromthecoastandconnectupwithatwenty-kilometersubmergedconcretetubetunnelmadeontwoman-madeislandsinthe
EnglishChannel.Er...the..,roadwaysspiralgentlydowntothelevelofthetunnel,It'
thesameprincipleastheChesapeakeBayBridge-TunnelintheU.S.A.,andit...it'
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well-researchedtechnology.Thinkingaheadtothetwenty-firstcentury,er...Ibelieve
thatpeoplewillprefer,willwanttodriveacross,notqueupwaitingfortrains.
Andfinally,therearealsotwoseparatesupplementaryrail-onlytunnels,and
theycantakeupto30high-speedpassengerandfreighttrainsineachdirectionper
hour.
2.TheChannelExpresswayisaschemeconsistingoftwotunnelswhichcarry
bothroadandtraintraffic.Therailsarelaidflushwiththeroadsurfaceliketram
tracksinthefastlanewhichisclosedtotrafficonceeveryhalfhourforthetrainsto
passthrough.Er...really,boththepassengertrainsandthefreighttrainsareableto
usethetunnel,butthefreighttrainswillmostlyrunduringthenightwhenthere'
lessroadtraffic.Therewillbespecialpumpsatregularintervalsalongthetunnelto
cleantheairandremovetheexhaustfumesfromit.
3.Flexilinkisthecheapestandmostreliableschemeofthemall,really.Ferries,
especiallythenewgiantsuper-ferriesaremoreeconomical,saferandalotmore
flexiblethanbuildingatunnel.An
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