最新《新闻英语与范文评析》笔记Word格式.docx
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最新《新闻英语与范文评析》笔记Word格式.docx
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First,thereareomissionofarticle,conjunction,pronoun,linkverbandauxiliaryverb.Itisusedtosummarizeandhighlightthecontent.Forexample,“Chinasees
housingas(an)enginetodrive(the)economy.”
Second,presenttenseisusedtoshowthingsthathappenedinthepast.
Threereasons:
First,itsavesspace.Inmostcasespasttenseislongerinspacethanthepresenttense,withan“ed”inextra.Sopresenttensecansavesomespaceforaheadline.
Secondly,presenttenseisactive.Itputsthereaderintoactionandgiveshimafeelingofparticipation,sothatitattractsreaders’attention.
Thirdly,apresent-tenseemphasizesthetimelinessofthenews.Itgivesthereaderasenseoffreshnessandimmediacy,althoughhemightwellunderstandthataheadinthepresenttenseintoday’snewspaperispresentingyesterday’snews.
More:
First,use“betodo”insteadof“willdo”topresentthefuturetense,and“be”isoftenomittedinordertosavespace.
Second,use“bedoing”topresentthingsthatarehappening,and“be”isoftenomittedinordertosavespace.
Thirdly,sometimespresenttensecanalsopresentthingsthatarehappeningorwillhappen,forexample,”LabourplansBBCshake-up.”
Third,activevoiceismoreoftenused.Itismorecolorfulandappealing,moreforwardandpowerfulintransferringmeaningthanpassivevoice.Theword”be”or“by”areoftenomittedonlyusepastparticipletoexpresspassivity.Fourth,punctuationsareusedsometimesinheadlines.Englishheadlinesareknownforitstersestructure,andpunctuationsareusedinmuchrarercasesthaninthetext.Punctuationsonlyappearintheheadfortworeasons.First,theyareusedtosavespace.Forexample,commaisusedtosubstitute“and”onlytosavespace.Secondly,theyareusedtoshowtherelationbetweentwogroupsofwords.Forexample,adashisusedtoconnectaquotationanditsattribution.3.Whysometimesinheadlines,“and”,“the”or“tobe”arenotomitted?
Theyarenottobeomittedintwooccasions.One,whentheyareinsetphrases,
suchasintheheadline,“TBontheriseagain”.Two,whentheycanfillupthe
spaceholeinaheadline.Forexample,“Fourkilledandfivehurtinahousefire.”
4.Thelanguagefeatureofheadlines
Aheadlineisaimingatsummarizingawholearticlewithafewwords.Sojournalistsmakegreateffortinchoosingtherightwordswhichareclearinmeaningandeconomyinspace.
Therearesomepreferenceforjournalistsandeditors
First,theyuseabundantofsimplewords.Someareteenytinylittlewordsthatlivelyexpresssomemeaning.“Hit”or“ruin”areoftenusedinsteadof“damage”
Second,initialsareoftenusedtosavespace,like“WTO”or“ABM”
Thirdly,Abbreviationsareused,whichcanbeeasilyrecognizedbyreaders.Suchas“ad”and”biz”whichcanbeeasilyfoundintheEnglishnewspaper.
Fourthly,thereisflexibleuseofjournalisticcoinages.Tosavetimeandspace,journalistsoftencombinetwoormorewordsintoonewordinpracticeandcoinagethencomesintobeing.Theyareveryimpressiveandcatchy,someevenhavethecharacteristicoforiginality,like“newscast.”
5.Differentstylesofthetypefaces
America/Canada:
capitalizethefirstalphabetofeverynotionalword.English:
capitalizethefirstalphabetofthefirstwordinaheadline.Exceptional:
NewYorkTimes:
capitalizeeveryalphabettobeautifytheedition
6.Commonstylesforheadlines
flush-lefthead,droplinehead/indentedhead,crossline/keyline,centeredhead,invertedpyramidhead,bannerhead/streamerandjumphead.
7.DifferencebetweenChineseheadlineandEnglishhead?
Theyaredifferentinfourways.
First,ChineseheadlinesusuallyprovidemoreinformationthanEnglishheads.Chineseheadsareoftenmulti-deck,andEnglishheadsareoftenone-deck,thusChineseheadlinestendtofocusonthetotalityofthenews.Andifitcannotincludeallthefactsthatisneededinthehead,thesubheadcandothejob.AnotherreasonitusuallycarriesmoreinfoisthateachChinesecharactertakesupequalspace,whileEnglishwordsarenot.Asaresult,Chineseheadstendtobelikemini-storyincapsuleform,whileEnglishheadsaccentuateononeimportantfactorofthenews.Theseconddifferenceisthedifferenceintheuseofwords.LikeinEnglishheads,it’sano-notobeginaheadwithaverb.ButinChineseheadlines,it’sok.ThereareabundantuseofsimplewordswhichservetosavespaceinEnglishheads,butyoucanneednottofollowthatruleforeveryChinesecharactertakesupequalspace.Foranotherexample,peopleseldomuseadjectivesoradverbsinEnglishheadsfollowingtheprincipleof“ABC”(accuracy,brevityandclarity),butyoucaneasilygraspapieceofChinesenewswithadjectivesoradverbsintheheadline.Thirdly,theyaredifferentintense.Englishheadsoftenusepresenttensewhichhadbeencalled“historicalpresenttense”topresentyesterday’snews,andavoidtime-indicatingwordslike“yesterday’or“lastnight”.ButChineseheadsuse
themtoindicatethehappeningtime.
Thelastdifferenceshouldbeinthewordlayout.YoucanneverlaytheEnglishheadlinesinverticalform,butyoucancertainlydothatinChineseheads.PeopleusesinglequotationmarkinEnglishheadlinesbutdoublequotationmarkinChineseheadline.
8.Newsvaluedeterminers
timelinessorfreshness;
Importance/consequence/impact/significance;
Prominence;
Proximity/locality/nearness
Unusualness/bizarreness/oddity/novelty
Humaninterest;
Conflict
9.Hardnewsandsoftnews
Hardnews(spotnews/straightnews):
Eventsthataretimelyandarecoveredalmostautomaticallybyprintandelectronicmedia.Theyareoftenveryseriousandimportantnews.
Softnews:
Eventsthatareusuallynotconsideredimmediatelyimportantortimelytoawideaudience.
10.Genreofnewsreporting
News
Feature
Commentariesandcolumns
Interpretivereporting
Investigativereporting
Newjournalism
Skit/essay
Picturenews/photojournalism
11.Newsstructure
Invertedpyramidstyle:
itisthemostfrequentlyusedstructureinnewswriting.Inthisstructure,eventsarewrittenindescendingorderofimportance.Firstofall,aterseleadisformed.Theleadoffersthemostessentialelementstellingwho,what,when,where,whyandhowofthestory.
Advantages:
First,itisconvenientforeditorstodecidethenewsvalueandcutthenewsfromthebottom;
Second,itisconvenientforjournaliststomeetthedeadlinewithoutmissinganykeyfacts;
Third,itcanhelpreaderstofindthemainfactsofthenewsquickly.
Disadvantages:
First,themainfactsallfrequentlyappearintheheadline,leadandbody,whichwouldbesuffocativetomostreaders;
Second,thewritingisnottightlyorganizedandfullydeployed,what’smore,thestyleistopheavyandlackofsuspenseinterest.
Pyramidstyle/thechronologicalstyle
Itiscomposedbythreeparts,theyarebeginning,bodyandending.Towriteapieceofnewsinpyramidstyle,abeginningisgivenfirstandeventsarewrittenin
timesequence.Writerscantakeadvantageofnarrativeanddescriptivewriting,soitflowsbetterandinvolvesreaders.Atthemeantime,itaddssuspenseinteresttothestory.
Mixedformofinventedpyramidandpyramidstyle(Circlestyle)
Afteralead,eventsarewrittenintimesequence.Ithastheadvantagesofpyramidstyleandimportantfactscanbepresentedhighinthestory.Themostimportantinformationisrepeatedinthenarrative,sothatreaderscanhaveachancetoabsorbit.Itismoreeffectivestorytellingandcankeepreadersinteresteduntiltheendthenleadsuptoarealconclusion.Comparingwiththeotherstyles,thisformismorebalanced.Butitdiscourageseditorsslashthestoryfromthebottom.Listtechnique
WallStreetjournalformula:
Ittendstofocusonindividual.
12.Formsofreporting
Singleeventcoverage/brief
Roundups:
ittendstofocusonthetotalityandintegrity.Therearetwotypesofthiskind:
horizontalroundupsandverticalroundups.
Follow-ups/follow-upstories(secondcyclestories/developmentstories)Advantages:
First,itattractsreaders’attentionbyaccentuatingononeimportantfactofthenews;
Second,ittendstofullydeploythenewsfromdifferentaspects,whichcanwellmakeupforthecontradictionintermsoffreshnessandintegrity;
Third,ithelpstoformthepublicopinion.
Content:
Factsthatarenotmentionedinpreviousstoriesorsomebackgroundof
events.
Thedevelopmentsoftheevents;
Differentopinionsfrompeopleofallwalksoflife;
Thepredictionoftheevents;
Importantfactsthatpreviouslyreported.
In-depthreports:
IncludinginvestigativereportingandinterpretivereportingemphasizeonWHY.
13.Featuresofleads
Succinct.Asummaryleadshouldoutlineanewsstoryinnomorethan35wordsInformative.Asummaryleadshouldcontainthe5Wsofnews.
Intriguing.Leadsaresometimesca
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