Book 6 The law of obligations最新荷兰民法典第6卷文档格式.docx
- 文档编号:18595050
- 上传时间:2022-12-29
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:61
- 大小:69.15KB
Book 6 The law of obligations最新荷兰民法典第6卷文档格式.docx
《Book 6 The law of obligations最新荷兰民法典第6卷文档格式.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《Book 6 The law of obligations最新荷兰民法典第6卷文档格式.docx(61页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
isaspecificlegalrelationshipbetweeninprincipletwopersons,thecreditorontheonehandandthedebtorontheother,thatiscreatedeitherbyagreement(contract)orbyoperationoflaw,inthelattercaseassoonasaneventoccurswhichmakesitdesirabletostandardsofsocialopinion,ascapturedinlaw,thatonepersonobtainsarighttoaperformancewhichhastobecarriedoutbyanotherperson(tortiousact,benevolentinterventioninanother'
saffairs,undueperformance,unjustifiedenrichement).
Irrespectiveofthesourcefromwhichtheobligationarises(contract,tort,undueperformanceetc),itscontentislegallyalwaysshapedinthesameform.Thedebtorhastoperformsomethingtooronbehalfofthecreditor.Thispartoftheobligationiscalleda
debt'
ofthedebtor.Thecreditoriswithintheobligation(i.e.withinthisparticularlegalrelationshipwithhisdebtor)entitledtothatperformanceandhemay,ifnecessary,askthecourtandthepoliceforassistanceinordertogetthatperformancefromhisdebtorortoobtainatleastasimilarcompensationinmoney.Thatpartoftheobligationiscalleda
debt-claim'
whichbelongs-asanintangibleasset-tothecreditor,whereitformsapartofhisproperty,justlike,forinstance,hisrightofownershipinahouse.
Dependingonthecontentoftheobligation,nowinregardtowhatmustactuallybedonebythedebtortosatisfyhisdebt,anyperformance,andnotjustthepaymentofmoney,canbetheobjectofthecreditor'
sdebt-claim.So,therightinpersonamagainstadebtortoclaimthetransferofahouseortodemandtheperformanceofacertainservice,isnameda'
justastherighttoclaimthepaymentofaspecificamountofmoneyis.Theword'
isplacedbeforetheword'
claim'
todistinguishadebt-claimfromothertypesofclaims,liketheclaimofspousestowardseachothertoactuallylivetogetherandtobefaithfultoeachotheroralegalclaim(rightofaction)thatcanbebroughttocourt.Thelawofobligationsspecifieswhatthedebtorandcreditormayexpectfromeachotherwithintheirspecificlegalrelatoinship(obligation)andwhattheyareabletodowhentheotheronedoesnotcomplywiththeseexpectations.
Section6.1.1Generalprovisions
Article6:
1Thearisingofobligations
Obligationscanonlycometoexistence(arise)ifthisresultsfromlaw.
2Reasonablenessandfairnesswithintherelationshipbetweenthecreditoranddebtor
-1.
Thecreditoranddebtormustbehavethemselvestowardseachotherinaccordancewiththestandardsofreasonablenessandfairness.
-2.
Aruleinforcebetweenacreditorandhisdebtorbyvirtueoflaw,commonpracticeorajuridicalactdoesnotapplyasfarasthiswouldbeunacceptable,inthecircumstances,bystandardsofreasonablenessandfairness.
3Naturalobligation
Anaturalobligationisalegallynotenforceableobligation.
Anaturalobligationexists:
a.
whenthelaworajuridicalactdeniesitsenforceability;
b.
whensomeonehasapressingmoraldutyofsuchnaturetowardsanotherpersonthatcompliancewithit,althoughlegallynotenforceable,hastoberegardedbysocialstandards(commonopinion)asthefulfilmentofaperformancetowhichthisotherpersonisentitled.
4Applicabilityofthelawofobligations
Therulesoflawforobligationsapplyaccordinglytonaturalobligations,unlessthelaworthenecessaryimplicationofastatutoryprovisionbringalongthataprovisioncannotbeappliedtoanon-enforceableobligation.
5Conversionofanaturalobligationintoanenforceableobligation
Anaturalobligationisconvertedintoanenforceableobligationbymeansofanagreementforthispurposebetweenthedebtorandthecreditor.
Anofferofthedebtor,addressedtothecreditor,toenterintosuchanagreementgratuitously,isconsideredtobeacceptedwhentheofferhascometotheknowledgeofthecreditorandhehasnotrejecteditwithoutdelay.
-3.
ThestatutoryprovisionsfordonationsandgiftsdonotapplytoanagreementasmeantinthepresentArticle.
Section6.1.2Pluralityofdebtorsandjointandseveralliability
6Separateliabilityorjointandseveralliability
Ifaperformanceisindebtedbytwoormoredebtorsjointly,theneachofthemisliableforanequalpart,unlessfromlaw,commonpracticeorajuridicalactresultsthattheyareliableforunequalpartsorthattheyarejointandseveralliable.
Iftheperformanceisundividableoriffromlaw,commonpracticeorajuridicalactresultsthatthedebtorseachareliableforthewholedebt,thentheyarejointandseveralliable[itthenisasocalled‘jointdebt’or'
jointobligation'
of‘solidarydebtors’].
Fromanagreementbetweenthedebtorandcreditormayresultthat,whentheobligationpasses(moves)totwoormorelegalsuccessorsofthedebtor,thesesuccessorsareliableforunequalpartsorthattheyarejointandseveralliable.
7Liabilityofsolidarydebtors
Iftwoormoredebtorsarejointandseveralliableforanobligation[ittheniscalleda‘jointdebt’or‘jointobligation’of‘solidarydebtors’],thenthecreditoristowardseachofthementitledtodemandfullperformanceoftheentireobligation.
Asettlementofthejointobligationbyoneofthesolidarydebtorsdischargesalsotheothersolidarydebtorsagainstthecreditor.Thesameapplieswhenthejointobligationisperformedbymeansofasetoffortheacceptanceofanewdebtbyoneofthesolidarydebtorsunderanagreementwiththecreditor,aswellaswhenthecourt,uponarequestofoneofthesolidarydebtors,appliesArticle6:
60,unlessthecourthasruleddifferentlyinthatcase.
8Reasonablenessandfairnesswithintheinternalrelationshipbetweenthesolidarydebtors
2appliesaccordinglytothelegalrelationshipbetweenthesolidarydebtorsinternally(mutually).
9Waiverofthedebt-claimbythecreditorandgrantinganextensionofpayment
Everysolidarydebtormayacceptonbehalfoftheothersolidarydebtorsanofferofthecreditortowaiverhisdebt-claimgratuitously,insofarthisofferalsoconcernstheliabilityoftheothersolidarydebtors.
Anextension(deferment)ofpayment,grantedbythecreditortooneofthesolidarydebtors,appliesaswellonbehalfoftheothersolidarydebtors,asfarasthisappearstobetheintentionofthecreditor.
10Internalcontributionintheperformedjointobligation
Everysolidarydebtormust,forthepartofthejointobligationforwhichheisaccountableinhisinternalrelationshipwiththeothersolidarydebtors,contributeintheperformedjointobligationandinthecostsmadetoperformitinaccordancewiththefollowingparagraphs.
Totheextentthatasolidarydebtorhasperformedmoretothecreditorofthejointobligationthanthepartforwhichheisaccountableinhisinternalrelationshipwiththeothersolidarydebtors,hemayclaimfromtheothersolidarydebtorsthepaymentoftheirinternalcontribution;
eachoftheothersolidarydebtorsshallhavetoperformtohimthepartoftheperformedjointobligationforwhichtheyareaccountableintheirinternalrelationshipwitheachother.
Everysolidarydebtormust,inaccordancewiththepartforwhichheisaccountableinhisinternalrelationshipwiththeothersolidarydebtors,contributeinthecosts,madeinreasonbyoneofthesolidarydebtors,unlessthesecostsonlyconcernthatdebtorpersonally.
11Meansofdefence.
AsolidarydebtorwhoisaskedbyoneoftheothersolidarydebtorstopayhisinternalcontributionasdefinedinthepreviousArticle,mayinvokeagainstthatotherdebtorallmeansofdefencewhichhecouldhaveputforwardagainstthecreditoratthemomentthathisinternaldebttocontributeinthejointobligationorthecostscametoexistence.
Nevertheless,hecannotinvokesuchadefenceagainsttheothersolidarydebtorifthisdefenceresultsfromajuridicalactbetweenhimandthecreditorperformedatamomentonwhichthejointobligationofthesolidarydebtorstothatcreditoralreadyhadcometoexistence.
Anappealtothefactthatthecreditor’srightofactionhasbecomeprescribed,mayonlybeinvokedbyasolidarydebtorwhohasbeenaskedbyanothersolidarydebtortopayhisinternalcontributionwhen,atthemomentonwhichhisinternaldebttocontributecametoexistence,both,heandthedebtorwhoaskedhimtopayhiscontribution,couldhaveinvokedthatprescriptionagainstthecreditor.
-4.
Thepreviousparagraphsapplyonlyasfarastheinternalrelationshipbetweenthesolidarydebtorsdoesnotimplydifferently.
12Subrogation
Whenthejointobligationisperformedbyoneofthesolidarydebtorsformorethanthepartforwhichheisaccountableinhisinternalrelationshipwiththeothersolidarydebtors,thentherightsofthecreditoragainsttheothersolidarydebtorsandagainstthirdpartiespass(move)totheperformingdebtorbyvirtueofsubrogationasfarashehasperformedmorethanhispartofthejointobligation,eachtimeonlyuptothepartthatconcernstheothersolidarydebtororthethirdpartyinhisinternalrelationshiptotheperformingdebtor.
Ifthejointobligationtothecreditorincludedanotherperformancethanthepaymentofmoney,thenthedebt-claimagainsttheothersolidarydebtorsorthirdparties,acquiredbytheperformingdebtorfromthecreditorbysubrogation,willbeconvertedintoamone
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- Book The law of obligations最新荷兰民法典第6卷 obligations 最新 荷兰 民法典