英语时文泛读 第三册 Unit 2 How Do We Fix ItWord文档格式.docx
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英语时文泛读 第三册 Unit 2 How Do We Fix ItWord文档格式.docx
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Pleasedrawacharttospecifyeach:
nuclear,wind,solar,coal,gasolineanddiesel,etc.(pleasebringacopyofyouranswertoclassandhandin)
2.HowcouldChinadrawontheGermanmodelconcerningitsenergy/powergeneration/consumption?
NationalGeographhic
HowDoWeFixIt?
GermanyCouldBeaModelforHowWe’llGetPowerintheFuture
TheEuropeannation’senergyrevolutionhasmadeitaleaderinreplacingnukesandfossilfuelswithwindandsolartechnology.
ByRobertKunzig
PhotographsbyLucaLocatelli
PublishedOctober15,2015
Hamburgknewthebombswerecoming,andsotheprisonersofwarandforcedlaborershadjusthalfayeartobuildthegiantflakbunker.ByJuly1943itwasfinished.Awindowlesscubeofreinforcedconcrete,withseven-foot-thickwallsandaneventhickerroof,ittoweredlikeamedievalcastleaboveaparkneartheElbeRiver.ThegunsprotrudingfromitsfourturretswouldsweepAlliedbombersfromthesky,theNazispromised,whiletensofthousandsofcitizensshelteredsafelybehinditsimpenetrablewalls.
CominginatnightfromtheNorthSeajustweeksafterthebunkerwasfinished,BritishbomberssteeredforthespireofSt.Nikolaiinthecenterofthecity.TheydroppedcloudsofmetallicfoilstripstothrowoffGermanradarandflakgunners.Targetingcrowdedresidentialneighborhoods,thebombersignitedanunquenchablefirestormthatdestroyedhalfofHamburgandkilledmorethan34,000people.Toweringwallsoffirecreatedwindssostrongthatpeoplewereblownintotheflames.Churchbellsclangedfuriously.
ThespireofSt.Nikolai,whichsomehowsurvived,standstodayasamahnmal—amemorialremindingGermanyofthehellbroughtbytheNazis.Theflakbunkerisanothermahnmal.Butnowithasanewmeaning:
Anurbandevelopmentagency(IBAHamburg)andthemunicipalutility(HamburgEnergie)havetransformeditfromapowerfulreminderofGermany’sshamefulpastintoahopefulvisionforthefuture.
Inthecentralspaceofthebunker,wherepeopleoncecoweredthroughthefirestorm,asix-story,528,000-gallonhotwatertankdeliversheatandhotwatertosome800homesintheneighborhood.Thewateriswarmedbyburninggasfromsewagetreatment,bywasteheatfromanearbyfactory,andbysolarpanelsthatnowcovertheroofofthebunker,supportedbystrutsanglingfromtheoldgunturrets.Thebunkeralsoconvertssunlightintoelectricity;
ascaffoldingofphotovoltaic(PV)panelsonitssouthfacadefeedsenoughjuiceintothegridtosupplyathousandhomes.Onthenorthparapet,fromwhichtheflakgunnersoncewatchedflamesrisingfromthecitycenter,anoutdoorcafé
offersaviewofthechangedskyline.It’sdottedwith17windturbinesnow.
Germanyispioneeringanepochaltransformationitcallstheenergiewende—anenergyrevolutionthatscientistssayallnationsmustonedaycompleteifaclimatedisasteristobeaverted.Amonglargeindustrialnations,Germanyisaleader.Lastyearabout27percentofitselectricitycamefromrenewablesourcessuchaswindandsolarpower,threetimeswhatitgotadecadeagoandmorethantwicewhattheUnitedStatesgetstoday.Thechangeacceleratedafterthe2011meltdownatJapan’sFukushimanuclearpowerplant,whichledChancellorAngelaMerkeltodeclarethatGermanywouldshutall17ofitsownreactorsby2022.Ninehavebeenswitchedoffsofar,andrenewableshavemorethanpickeduptheslack.
WhatmakesGermanysoimportanttotheworld,however,isthequestionofwhetheritcanleadtheretreatfromfossilfuels.Bylaterthiscentury,scientistssay,planet-warmingcarbonemissionsmustfalltovirtuallyzero.Germany,theworld’sfourthlargesteconomy,haspromisedsomeofthemostaggressiveemissioncuts—by2020,a40percentcutfrom1990levels,andby2050,atleast80percent.
Thefateofthosepromiseshangsinthebalancerightnow.TheGermanrevolutionhascomefromthegrassroots:
Individualcitizensandenergygenossenschaften—localcitizensassociations—havemadehalftheinvestmentinrenewables.Butconventionalutilities,whichdidn’tseetherevolutioncoming,arepressuringMerkel’sgovernmenttoslowthingsdown.Thecountrystillgetsfarmoreelectricityfromcoalthanfromrenewables.Andtheenergiewendehasanevenlongerwaytogointhetransportationandheatingsectors,whichtogetheremitmorecarbondioxide(CO₂)thanpowerplants.
GermanpoliticianssometimescomparetheenergiewendetotheApollomoonlanding.Butthatfeattooklessthanadecade,andmostAmericansjustwatcheditonTV.TheenergiewendewilltakemuchlongerandwillinvolveeverysingleGerman—morethan1.5millionofthem,nearly2percentofthepopulation,aresellingelectricitytothegridrightnow.“It’saprojectforageneration;
it’sgoingtotaketill2040or2050,andit’shard,”saidGerdRosenkranz,aformerjournalistatDerSpiegelwho’snowananalystatAgoraEnergiewende,aBerlinthinktank.“It’smakingelectricitymoreexpensiveforindividualconsumers.Andstill,ifyouaskpeopleinapoll,Doyouwanttheenergiewende?
then90percentsayyes.”
Why?
IwonderedasItraveledinGermanylastspring.Whyistheenergyfuturehappeninghere,inacountrythatwasabombed-outwasteland70yearsago?
Andcouldithappeneverywhere?
TheGermanshaveanoriginmyth:
Itsaystheycamefromthedarkandimpenetrableheartoftheforest.ItdatesbacktotheRomanhistorianTacitus,whowroteabouttheTeutonichordeswhomassacredRomanlegions,anditwasembellishedbyGermanRomanticsinthe19thcentury.Throughtheupheavalsofthe20thcentury,accordingtoethnographerAlbrechtLehmann,themythremainedastablesourceofGermanidentity.TheforestbecametheplacewhereGermansgotorestoretheirsouls—ahabitthatpredisposedthemtocareabouttheenvironment.
Sointhelate1970s,whenfossilfuelemissionswereblamedforkillingGermanforestswithacidrain,theoutragewasnationwide.Theoilembargoof1973hadalreadymadeGermans,whohaveverylittleoilandgasoftheirown,thinkaboutenergy.Thethreatofwaldsterben,orforestdeath,madethemthinkharder.
Governmentandutilitieswerepushingnuclearpower—butmanyGermanswerepushingback.Thiswasnewforthem.InthedecadesafterWorldWarII,witharuinedcountrytorebuild,therehadbeenlittleappetiteforquestioningauthorityorthepast.Butbythe1970s,therebuildingwascomplete,andanewgenerationwasbeginningtoquestiontheonethathadstartedandlostthewar.“There’sacertainrebelliousnessthat’saresultoftheSecondWorldWar,”a50-somethingmannamedJosefPeschtoldme.“Youdon’tblindlyacceptauthority.”
PeschwassittinginamountaintoprestaurantintheBlackForestoutsideFreiburg.Inasnowyclearingjustuphillstoodtwo320-foot-tallwindturbinesfundedby521citizeninvestorsrecruitedbyPesch—butweweren’ttalkingabouttheturbinesyet.WithanengineernamedDieterSeifried,weweretalkingaboutthenuclearreactorthatnevergotbuilt,nearthevillageofWyhl,20milesawayontheRhineRiver.
ThestategovernmenthadinsistedthatthereactorhadtobebuiltorthelightswouldgooutinFreiburg.Butbeginningin1975,localfarmersandstudentsoccupiedthesite.Inproteststhatlastednearlyadecade,theyforcedthegovernmenttoabandonitsplans.ItwasthefirsttimeanuclearreactorhadbeenstoppedinGermany.
Thelightsdidn’tgoout,andFreiburgbecameasolarcity.ItsbranchoftheFraunhoferInstituteisaworldleaderinsolarresearch.ItsSolarSettlement,designedbylocalarchitectRolfDisch,who’dbeenactiveintheWyhlprotests,includes50housesthatallproducemoreenergythantheyconsume.“Wyhlwasthestartingpoint,”Seifriedsaid.In1980aninstitutethatSeifriedco-foundedpublishedastudycalledEnergiewende—givinganametoamovementthathadn’tevenbeenbornyet.
Itwasn’tbornofasinglefight.Butoppositiontonuclearpower,atatimewhenfewpeopleweretalkingaboutclimatechange,wasclearlyadecisivefactor.IhadcometoGermanythinkingtheGermanswerefoolishtoabandonacarbon-freeenergysourcethat,untilFukushima,producedaquarteroftheirelectricity.Icameawaythinkingtherewouldhavebeennoenergiewendeatallwithoutantinuclearsentiment—thefearofmeltdownisamuchmorepowerfulandimmediatemotivethanthefearofslowlyrisingtemperaturesandseas.
AlloverGermanyIheardthesamestory.FromDisch,sittinginhisowncylindricalhouse,whichrotatestofollowthesunlikeasunflower.FromRosenkranzinBerlin,whobackin1980leftphysicsgraduateschoolformonthstooccupythesiteofaproposednuclearwasterepository.FromLuiseNeumann-Cosel,whooccupiedthesamesitetwodecadeslater—andwhoisnowleadingacitizens’initiativetobuytheBerlinelectricgrid.AndfromWendelinEinsiedler,aBavariandairyfarmerwhohashelpedtransformhisvillageintoagreendynamo.
AllofthemsaidGermanyhadtogetoffnuclearpowerandfossilfuelsatthesametime.“Youcan’tdriveoutthedevilwithBeelzebub,”explainedHans-JosefFell,aprominentGreenPartypolitician.“Bothhavetogo.”AttheUniversityofAppliedSciencesinBerlin,energyresearcherVolkerQuaschningputitthisway:
“Nuclearpoweraffectsmepersonally.Climatechangeaffectsmykids.That’sthedifference.”
Germany'
sAudaciousGoal
GermanyhasEurope’ssecondhighestconsumerelectricityprices,yetpublicsupportforitsenergiewende—anaggressivetransitiontorenewableenergy—isatanimpressive92percent.Thesupportisrootedinaneco-friendly
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