医学英语词汇digestiveWord文档下载推荐.docx
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医学英语词汇digestiveWord文档下载推荐.docx
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choledoch/o
commonbileduct
choledochotomy
col/o
colon,largeintestine
colostomy
colon/o
colon
colonic,colonoscopy
dent/o
tooth
dentibuccal
duoden/o
duodenum
duodenal
enter/o
intestines,usuallysmallintestine
enteropathy,enterocolitis,enterocolostomy,mesentery,parenteral
esophag/o
esophagus
esophageal
faci/o
face
facial
gastr/o
stomach
gastralgia
gingiv/o
gums
gingivitis
gloss/o
tongue
hypoglossal
hepat/o
liver
hepatoma,hepatomegaly
ile/o
ileum
ileocecalsphincter,ileitis,ileostomy
jejun/o
jejunum
gastrojejunostomy,
labi/o
labial
lapar/o
abdomen
laparoscopy
lingu/o
sublingual,
mandibul/o
lowerjaw,mandible
submandibular
odont/o
orthodontist,periodontist,endodontist
or/o
mouth
oral
palat/o
palate
palatoplasty
pancreat/o
pancreas
pancreatitis
pharyng/o
throat
pharyngeal
peritone/o
peritoneum
peritonitis
proct/o
anusandrectum
proctologist
pylor/o
pyloricsphincter
pyloroplasty
rect/o
rectum
rectocele
sialaden/o
salivarygland
Sialadenectomy
sigmoid/o
sigmoidcolon
sigmoidoscopy
stomat/o
stomatitis
amyl/o
starch
amylase
bil/i
gall,bile
biliary
bilirubin/o
bilirubin(bilepigment)
hyperbilirubinemia
chol/e
cholelithiasis
gloc/o
sugar
gluconeogenesis
glyc/o
hyperglycemia
glycogen/o
glycogen,animalstarch
glycogenolysis
lip/o
fat,lipid
lipoma
lith/o
stone
cholecystolithiasis
sial/o
saliva,salivary
sialolith
steat/o
fat
steatorrhea
Suffixes
-ase
enzyme
lipase
-chezia
defecation,eliminationofwastes
hematochezia
-ectasis,-ectasia
stretching,dilation,dilatation
Bronchiectasis,lymphangiectasia
-emesis
Vomiting
Hematemesis
-lasis
abnormalcondition
choledocholithiasis
-lysis
destruction,breakdown,separation
hemolysis
-pepsia
digestion
dyspepsia,
--phagia
eating,swallowing
dysphagia
-plasty
surgicalrepair
rhinoplasty,blepharoplasty
-prandial
meal
postprandial
-ptosis
prolapse,fall,sag
proptosis
-ptysis
spitting
hemoptysis
-rrhagia,-rrhage
burstingforthofblood
hemorrhage,menorrhagia
-rrhaphy
suture
herniorrhaphy
-rrhea
flow,discharge
menorrhea,dysmenorrhea
-spasm
sudden,involuntarycontractionofmuscles
pylorospasm
cardiospasm
-stasis
stopping,controlling
cholestasis,hemostasis
-stenosis
tightening,stricture,narrowing
pyloricsteosis
-tresia
opening
atresia,esophagealatrsia,urethralatrsia
PathologyoftheDigestiveSystem
sysmptoms
pathology
Achlorhydria
Lackofhydrochloricacidinthestomach.
Thiscanbeasymptomofchronicgastritisorgastriccarcinoma.
anorexia
Lackofappetite(-orexia=appetite).
Oftenasignofmalignancyorliverdisease.Anoresianervosaislossofappetiteowingtoemotionalproblemssuchasanger,anxiety,andfear.Itisaneatingdisorderandisdiscussed,alongwithasimilardisorder,bulimianervosa.
Ascites腹水
Abnormalaccumulationoffluidintheabdomen.
Thiscondition,previouslycalleddropsy,occurswhenfluidseepsoutofthebloodstreamandcollectsintheperitonealcavity.Itcanbeasymptomofneoplasmorinflammatorydisordersintheabdomen,venoushypertension(highbloodpressure)causedbyliverdisease(cirrhosis),andheartfailure.
Colic肠绞痛
Acuteabdominalpaincausedbyspasmsofintestinalmuscles.
Colic,commonlyoccurringinthefirst3monthsoflife,isrelatedtoexcessiveswallowingofair(aerophagia),rapidoroverfeeding,allergytomilk,orfeedingproblems.
constipation
Difficult,delayedeliminationoffeces.
Stoolsaredryandhardwhenperistalsisisslow.Amedicationthatencouragesmovementoffecesfromthecoloniscalledalaxative.Acatharticisastronglaxative.
diarrhea
Loose,waterystools.
Theacuteonsetofpostprandialdiarrheasuggestsanacuteinfectionortoxin.Wateryorbloodystoolsareasymptomofinflammationordiseaseinthegastrointestinaltract.
Difficult,painfulswallowing.
Thisisasymptomofmotility(movement)problemsintheesophagusoratumororswellingthatblocksthepassageoffood.
flatus
Gasexpelledthroughtheanus.
gastroesophagealreflux
Solidsandfluidsreturntothemouthfromthestomach.
Heartburnistheburningsensationmusedbytheregurgitationofhydrochloricacidfromthestomachintotheesophagus.Ahiatalhernia(bulgingofthestomachwallupwardtowardtheesophagus)cancausethissymptom.
Brightredbloodfromtherectum.
Hematocheziacanappearassociatedwithcolonictumors,ulcerativecolitis,andhemorrhoids.
jaundice
Yellow-orangecolorationoftheskinandothertissuesduetohighlevelsofbillrobinintheblood.
Jaundice(icterus)canoccurinthreemajorways:
(1)malfunctionoflivercells(hepatocytes)becauseofliverdisease(hepatopathy)preventstheliverfromcombiningbilirubinwithbile;
(2)obstructionofbileflow(choledocholithiasis)preventsbilirubinandbilefrombeingexcretedintotheintestine;
and(3)excessivedestructionoferythrocytesinhemolysiscausesexcessbilirubinintheblood.
melena
Black,darkbrown,tarrystools;
fecescontainingblood.
Thissymptomreflectsbleedingabovethefirstsectionoftheduodenum,aswouldbethecasewithableedingulcer.
nausea
Unpleasantsensationfromthestomachwithatendencytovomit.
ThistermcomesfromaGreekwordmeaningseasickness.Irritationofnerveendingsinthestomachorotherpartsofthebodysendsamessagetothevomitingreflexcenterinthebrain.Ifthesensationbecomesintense,vomitingresults.Vomitingcanbeasymptomoftheperforation(holethroughthewall)ofanabdominalorgan;
obstructionofabileduct,stomach,orintestine;
ortoxins(poisons).
Fatinthefeces.
Improperabsorption(malabsorption)offatcancausefattoremainintheintestines.Etiologymaybeenteritisorpancreatitis.
2.PathologicalConditions
OralCavityandTeeth
aphthousstomatitis
Inflammationofthemouthwithsmallulcers.
Thisidiopathicconditionisalsoknownascankersores.Aphth/omeansulcer.
dentalcaries
Toothdecay(cariesmeansdecay).
Dentalplaqueistheaccumulationoffoods,proteinsfromsaliva,andnecroticdebrisonthetoothenamel.Bacteriagrowintheplaqueandcausetheproductionofacidthatdissolvesthetoothenamelresultinginacavity(areaofdecay).Ifthebacterialinfectionreachesthepulpofthetooth(causingpulpitis),rootcanaltherapymaybenecessary.
herpeticstomatitis
Inflammationofthemouth(gingiva,lips,palate,andtongue)byinfectionwiththeherpesvirus.Commonlycalledfeverblistersorcoldsores.
oralleukoplakia
Whiteplaquesorpatches(-plakiameansplaque)onthemucosaofthemouth.
Aprecancerouscondition;
majoretiologicalfactorsarechronictobaccoandalcoholuse.
periodontaldisease
Inflammationanddegenerationofgums,teeth,andsurroundingbone;
alsocalledpyorrhea(py/omeanspus).
Chronicinflammationofgums(gingivitis)occursfromaccumulationofdentalplaqueandcalculus(hardenedplaque).Gingivectomymaybenecessarytoremovepocketsofpusandallownewtissuetoform.
GastrointestinalTract
Achalasia
失弛缓症
Failureofthesphinctermusclesoftheloweresophagustorelax(-chalasiameansrelaxation)duringswallowing.
Whenfailureofproperperistalsisoccurs,foodcannotpassthroughtheesophaguseasily(dysphagia).Thecauseofachalasiaisunknown,butanxietyandtensionaggravatethecondition.Physiciansoftenrecommendablanddietlowinbulk,anddilation(widening)ofthecardiacorloweresophagealsphincter(LES)torelievesymptoms.
analfistula
肛瘘
Abnormaltube-likepassagewayneartheanus,whichmaycommunicatewiththerectum.Ananalfissureisanarrowslitintheanalwall.
colonicpolyposis
Polyps(smallgrowths)protrudefromthemucousmembraneofthecolon.
colorectalcancer
Carcinomaofthecolonorrectum,orboth.
Atheoryofcoloniccarcinogenesishasbeenproposedlinkingadiethighinbeefandfatwiththedevelopmentofbacteriainthecolonthatincreasethelevelofbileandfattyacids,whichactascarcinogens.Theprognosisforpatientswithcolorectalcarcinomadependsonthestage(extentofspread)oftheneoplasm,upondiagnosis,howeasilythecancercanberesected,anditsresponsivenesstoradiotherapyandchemotherapy.
Crohn'
sdisease
Chronicinflammationoftheintestinaltractthatcanaffectanypartofthedigestivetractfromthemouthtotheanus.
Thischronicrelapsingdiseasecausesinflammationwithdiarrhea,cramping,andfeverandcommonlyaffectsthelast(terminal)partoftheileum.Similartoulcerativecolitis,bothareformsofinflammatoryboweldisease(IBD).Physiciansdonotknowthecauseofthisdisease,andoftenthediseaseistreatedbymedicinesorsurgicalremovalofthediseasedportionoftheintestine,withanastomosisofremainingparts.
diverticula(singular:
diverticulum)憩室
Abnormalsidepockets(outpouchings)intheintestinalwall.
Acommonlocationfordiverticulosisisthesigmoidcolon.Whenundigestedfoodorbacteriabecometrappedinadiverticulum(di=aside,verti=toturn,cul=small),diverticulitisoccurs.
dysentery
Painful,inflamedintestines.
Commonlyoccurringinthecolon,theetiologyofdysenteryisusuallyingestedfoodorwatercontainingbacteria(salmonellaeorshigellae),amebae(one-celledorganisms),orviruses.Colitis,diarrhea,andabdominalcrampsoccur.
esophagealvarices
Swollen,tw
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