Prinston综合写作练习8篇Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Prinston综合写作练习8篇Word文档下载推荐.docx
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First,privatespacetravelwillbenefitseriousexplorationbymakingspaceflightcheaper.Privatizationofspacetechnologywillbringtechnologicalcostsdownveryfastbecauseitwillallowcompetition—andcompetitionisoneofthestrongestmotivatorstocutcosts.Thus,loweringthecostofspacetravelwillbenefitnotonlyspacetouristsbutalsoscientists,whowillbeabletouseprivatespaceflightsforresearchpurposes.
Furthermore,privatizationofspacetravelwillacceleratetherateatwhichimportantscientificdiscoveriesoccur.Theaerospaceindustryalreadysponsorsalotofgroundbreakingscientificresearch,andaddingprivatespaceflightcompaniestoitwillmaketheindustryasawholegrowinsize,therebyemployingmorescientiststhanitdoesnow.Thatincreasednumberofworkingscientistsmeansnotonlythatmorediscoveriesarelikelytobemadebutalsothatthosediscoveriesarelikelytobemademorequicklythaninthepast.
Finally,whengovernmentsarethesoleprovidersofspacetravel,thecostsarepaidforbythewholetaxpayingpublic,butwithprivatization,theexpensesofspacetravelwillbebornebythecustomersoftheindustry.Thefactthatprivatespaceflightoperatorswillbeabletoraisefundsthroughticketsalesmeansthatthefinancialburdenontaxpayerswillbeeasedsignificantly.
阅读部分要点记录
Listening1
Professor:
Well,itlooksasthoughwe’llsoonseeprivatespaceshipscarryingtouristsintospace.Butwillitreallyprovidegreatbenefitsforseriousscienceandforthepublic?
Idon’tthinkso.
First,privatizedspacetravel,whichisextraordinarilyexpensive,islikelytostaythatway.Foronething,commercialspacetravelwillrequireanelaboratespacetraffic-controlsystemtopreventcollision—andthedevelopmentandoperationofsuchasystemwon’tcomecheapeither.Anotherthingthat’llkeepcostshighistestedandretested—andthatalsotendstobeaveryexpensiveprocess.Bothofthosecostswillbereflectedinthepricesofthespaceflighttickets,sonooneshouldexpectthecostofspaceflightstogodownfast.
Second,ifcommercialspaceflighthasanyeffectatallontherateofscientificdiscoveryandinnovation,itwillbetodelayorevenpreventsuchdiscoveryandinnovation.Ifthebestandthebrightestengineersgetluredawayfromgovernmentspaceprogramsbythehighsalariesofferedbyprivate,for-profitcompanies,theymightendupworkingoncommercialstuffthatdoesn’thavemuchscientificvalue.Andasaresult,seriousspaceresearchmightactuallysuffer.
Andfinally,willthetaxpayingpublicgetoffthehookfinancially?
Nochance!
Thefactisthatso-calledprivatespacetourismisn’tpossiblewithouthugepublictaxsubsidies.Itwilltakebillionsandbillionsofdollarstobuildspacestations,spaceairports,andsoon,andprivateinvestorssimplycannotraisesuchhugeamounts.Sotheburdenontaxpayerswon’tbesignificantlyeasedwiththedevelopmentoftheprivatespaceflightindustry.Infact,alltaxpayerswillbepayingmoretosubsidizethevacationsofthespacetourists.
听力部分要点记录
Reading2
Educatorshavelongrecognizedthathighschoolcanbeadifficultexperienceformanystudents.Alongwiththestressofchallengingacademicwork,highschoolcanalsobeasourceofsocial,emotional,andevenfinancialstress.Oneeffectivewayofdecreasingthesenonacademickindsofstressistorequirestudentstowearaschooluniformsothatallstudentswearbasicallythesameclothing.
Oneofthemostobviousbenefitsofsuchapolicyisthatitmakeshighschoolmoreaffordableforbothstudentsandtheirparents.Clothing,especiallytrendy,fashionableclothing,isveryexpensive,andteenagersusuallywanttohaveseveraldifferentoutfitsintheirwardrobes—forsome,themorethebetter.Whenthereisnopossibilityofdressingfashionablyatschool,astudent’sclothingbillwillgodowndrastically.
Furthermore,wearingthesameschooluniformaseveryoneelseeliminatesasignificantsourceofdiscomfortandself-consciousnessformanyteenagers:
theuncertaintythatwhattheyarewearingis“right”.Suchanxietyinterfereswithastudent’sabilitytoactinwaysthatshowhisorherpersonalitytoadvantage.
Finally,amandatoryschool-uniformpolicywillreducetheamountofteasingandbullyingamongstudents.Currently,manystudentsareteasedorpoutdownsimplybecausetheydressdifferentlyfromeveryoneelseorbecausetheycan’taffordtodresslikethemajority.Onceallstudentswearthesameuniform,therewillbesuchlessopportunityforthesekindsofintimidatingbehaviors.
Listening2
Whatyou’vejustreadreallyiswaytoooptimistic.It’srathereasytopokeholesinthereasoning.Firstoff,schooluniformsarethemselvesoftenquitecostly—usuallytheyareonlyavailablefromcertainselectstores.Plus,whatkindofclotheswillstudentsputonafterschoolwhentheygomeettheirfriends?
Well,ifyoucan’tdresstrendyatschool,it’sevenlikelyyou’llwanttodothatafterschool.Sokidswillstilldemandafullwardrobeoffashionableafter-schoolclothesinadditiontotheiruniforms.
Totakeupanotherpoint,doingawaywithdifferencesindresscanaffectsomestudentsquitenegatively.Manystudentsmayfeelveryuncomfortable—mightevenfeelself-conscious—abouthowtheylookwhentheyarenotallowedtoselecttheclothesthattheywear.Formany,choosingclothingisnotamatterofmakingafashionstatement;
itissimplyawayofpresentingthemselvesinwaystheyfeelwillcallattentiontowhattheyconsidertheirattractivefeatures—plustheyfeeltheycanalsoselectclothingtode-emphasizeotherfeaturestheyperhapslikelessaboutthemselves.Soschooluniformscanactuallyendupincreasingself-consciousnessanddiscomfortamongstudents.
Finally,studentswillalwayspickonotherstudents.Dividingintogroups,teasingandbullyingotherforbeingdifferent—thesearethingsteenagerseverywheredobecausetheyareatthatparticularstageoflife.Ifstudentscannotpickondifferencesindress,theywillsurelyfindotherthingstopickon—thingslikechoiceinmusicorthekindofbackpackbroughttoschool—anyofthesecaneasilytakeonasmuchimportanceasclothing.
Reading3
Donatingpartofone’sincometopubliccauses,knownascharitablegiving,usedtobeacommonpractice.But,intheUnitedStatescharitablegivinghasdeclinedsubstantiallyinrecentyears,and,forseveralreasons,itisunlikelytoincreaseinthefuture.
Onereasonthatcharitablegivinghasfallenissimplythatthereislessneedforcharitablegiving,becausetheUnitedStatesgovernmentnowprovidesmostoftheimportantpublicservices.Thegovernmentassumesmuchoftheresponsibilityforfeedingthepoor,providinghealthcare,andtakingcareofthevictimsofnaturaldisasters—functionsthatcharitiesusedtoperform.Thesegovernmentinstitutionsofsocialwelfarearepermanent,andsothediminishedneedforprivatecharitablegivingwillalsobepermanent.
Anotherreasonpeopleare,andwillbe,givinglesstocharitiesisthatinthepastfewyearstherehavebeenhighlypublicizeddisclosuresthatthemanagersofsomeprominentnationalcharitieswerereceivinghugesalariesandotherbenefitsaslargeorlargerthansalariesofheadsofmajorfor-profitcorporations.Thesesalariesandexpensesfortravel,fancyoffices,andadvertisingsignificantlyreducethepercentageofdonatedmoneythatwenttocharitablepurposes.Naturallypeoplehavebeenturnedoffbytheseexcessesandinefficiencies.
Finally,beyondtheshortcomingsoflegitimatecharities,therehasbeenanincreasingnumberoffraudulentsolicitationsbyorganizationsorindividualswhomerelyposeascharities.Asaresult,peoplearenowbecomingskepticalevenaboutwhatareinfactlegitimateappealsforsupport.Sopotentialdonorsarestartingtogivelessandgivelessfrequently.Andsincetheincidenceofcharityfraudseemstobeincreasing,wecanexpectfurtherdeclinesincharitablegivingaspeoplebecomemoreconcernedthattheyarebeingtakenadvantageof.
Listening3
There’snodoubtthatgivingtocharitieshasdeclinedinrecentyears,buttherearegoodreasonstothinkit’llsoonbegintogoup.
Consider,forexample,thefactthatthenumberofelderlyandretiredpeopleinoursocietykeepsgrowing.Rightnow,elderlycitizenswhocan’taffordhealthcareoftenrelyongovernmentprogramstopayforit.Butastheelderlypopulationgrows,governmentprogramsprobablywon’tbeabletocoverthehealthassistance,Americansrespondtothatneed.Andsincetheneedwillbeincreasing,weshouldexpecttoseecharitablegivingriseaccordingly.
There’sanotherreasontobeoptimisticaboutthefutureofcharitablegiving.Thedisclosuresofwasteandbadmanagementatmajorcharities,andpeople’sangeratthiswaste,areproducingsignificantreforms.Overpaidmanagershavebeenforcedtoresignbythebadpublicity.Charitiesarereducingtheirexpensesandarenowsubjecttocloserpublicscrutiny.Asaresult,peopleareregainingconfidencethatthemoneytheydonatewillsupportthecausestheycareabout.
People’sreactiontocharityfraudi
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