淮师年期末英美文学史问答题及作品赏析Word文档格式.docx
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淮师年期末英美文学史问答题及作品赏析Word文档格式.docx
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New
classicism.
A
revival
of
classical
Greek
and
Roman
forms
in
art,
music,
literature,
particularly
during
the
eighteenth
nineteenth
centuries
Europe
America,
usually
associated
with
Enlightenment,
drawing
on
models
emphasizing
reason,
harmony,
restraint.
Renaissance
was
literature
artistic
styles
European
history.
It
transitional
period
between
Middle-Ages
modern
times,.
significant
achievement
changes
Inneoclassicismstheywantedtorecreateclassicism,generallythestyleoftheGreeksandRomans.Therenaissancewasarebirth,allofasuddenreligionwasnotthemainwaypeoplereceivedinformation,sciencestartedansweringallofthoseunanswerablequestions.
Theneoclassicistswantedasimplerlesschaoticmethodofthought.Neoclassicismwasthebeginningoftheenlightenment.Inthisphasetheemphasiswasonlogicasthesupremetoolforintellectualdiscoveryandonorderandsimplicityinartisticform.Inverse,thefreedomoftheRenaissancewasneglectedinfavourofstrictformswhileinmusicmoreformalstructurestookoverfromRenaissancefreeform.
3.InwhatdifferentwayscanthenovelRobinsonCrusoebeinterpreted?
Thenovelcanbereadindifferentways.Mostsimply,itisastoryofseaadventures.Toreaditpolitically,wemayinterpretthestoryasanartisticprojectionofcolonialexpansion.Crusoe,backedbyadvancedtechnology(thegun),conquersalesscivilizedpeoplerepresentedbyFriday.Thoughtheybecomegoodfriends,Fridayhasremainedaservant,ifnotaslave,tohismasterCrusoesincethefirstdaytheymet.Toreaditsocially,wefindthatCrusoe’sadventuresimplydifferentWesternculturalvalues.Thenovelsingsasongof“thedignityoflabor,”asloganwhichthebourgeoisieusedtojustifytheiraccumulationofwealththroughdiligentworkandcolonialexpansion.Robinsonisaself-mademan.Hesucceedsincreatinganewlifeallthroughhisownefforts.Thenovelalsoexploresthethemeof“backtonature”.IndustrializationbroughtEnglandmaterialwealth,butitalsoendedthepeacefullifeinthecountrysideandcreatedappallingpovertyinthecity.Thenovelexpressesadesiretogobacktoamoreeconomicandbasiclifestyle.Afterfouryearsontheisland,Robinsonstartstolikeitsidylliclife.
4.ThemostliteraryofFrancisBacon’sworksishisfamouscollectionofessays,TheEssays.CouldyoulistsomeofthetypicalfeaturesofTheEssaysindetail?
ThemostliteraryofBacon’sworksishisfamouscollectionofessays,TheEssays,orCounsels,CivilandMorall.Theseessayswereimmediatelysuccessfulandgreatlylikedbythepublicforthreereasons.Firstly,theliteraryformwasnewtotheEnglishaudience.AlthoughessayshadbeenwrittensincethetimeoftheancientGreeksandRomans,theformreceiveditsnameonlyafter1580.itwastheFrenchphilosopherMontaignewhofirstcalledhisprosepiecesessays,andBaconborrowedthetitlefromhim.ButdifferentfromMontaigne’spersonaandinformalstyle,Bacon’sstyleismoreformalandmoretightlyorganized.
Secondly,theseessayscoveravarietyofsubjects,rangingfromabstractsubjectssuchas“themeaningoftruth”and“thecompositionofbeauty”toconcrete,practicalmatterssuchas“friendship,”“marriage,”and“parentsandchildren.”Bacon’sessayscameatatimeofgreatintellectualandsocialchanges----atimewhentheEnglishpeoplewerereadjustingtheirvisionsandmoralstandards.Thesechangesincludedavastnumberofmatterssuchasanewattitudetowardslifeanddeath,astrongerdesiretoexploretheunknownfieldsofknowledge,andabetterunderstandingofone’sinnerselfinrelationtotheoutsideworld.
Thirdly,theseessays,thoughshort,aresinewy,fullofwisdom,andelegantlyphrased.Theyofferpeopleusefulandpracticaladvice,andencouragepeopletoplaymoreactiverolesintheirsociallife.Bacon’sessaysconsistofmanygoodexamplesofworldlywisdom.ThefollowingareamongthemostfrequentlyquotedquotesintheEnglishlanguage.
5.GiveabriefaccountofthecontributionswhichWilliamWordsworthmadetothedevelopmentoftheEnglishpoetry.
AsagreatRomanticpoet,WordsworthmadegreatcontributionstothedevelopmentoftheEnglishpoetry.HisLyricalBallads,writtenwithColeridge,isgenerallyregardedasthesymbolofthebeginningoftheRomanticperiodinEngland.Hedefinedthepoetasa“manspeakingtomen”andpoetryas“thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings,whichoriginatesinemotionrecollectedintranquility.”Wordsworthisregardedasa“worshipperofnature.”Naturestandsoutinhispoetry.AcaseinpointisIwanderedLonelyasaCloud,oneofthemostbeautifulpoemsinEnglishliterature.Hesympathizeswiththepoorandtheirjoysandsorrowsarehisconstantthemes.Hispoetryischaracterizedbysimplicityandpurityofhislanguage.WordsworthistheleadingfigureoftheEnglishRomanticpoetry,themajorpoeticvoiceoftheperiod.ThemostimportantcontributionhehasmadeisthathehasnotonlystartedthemodernpoetrybutalsochangedthecourseofEnglishpoetry.HeisoneofEnglish“LakePoets”.
6.WhatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenEnglishRomanticismandAmericanRomanticism?
7.InwhatdifferentwayscanthenovelMoby-Dickbeinterpreted?
ThedifficultsymbolofallisMobyDick,thewhitewhale,whichcanbeinterpretedindifferentwaysandmeansdifferentthingsfordifferentpeople.ToAhab,thewhaleiseitheranevilcreatureitselfortheagentofanevilforcethatcontrolstheuniverse,orperhapsboth.Astothereader,thewhalecanbeviewedasasymbolofthephysicallimitsthatlifeimposesuponman.Itmayalsoberegardedasasymbolofnature,oraninstrumentofGod’svengeanceuponevilman.
ToIshmael,thewhalehasmultipleimplications.Itisanastonishingforce,animmensepower,whichdefiesrationalexplanationduetoasenseofmysteryithas.Itisbeautiful,benign,butmalignantaswell.Italsorepresentsthetremendousorganicvitalityoftheuniverse,forithasalifeforcethatsurgesonwardirresistibly,impervioustothedesiresorwillsofmen.Thesearejustafewexampleofpossibleinterpretationspeoplecomeupwith.
Ingeneral,themultiplicityandambivalenceofthesymbolicmeaningofthewhaleissuchthatitbecomesasourceofintensespeculation,anobjectofprofoundcuriosityforthereader,aswellasforIshmael.
8.WhatmakesDickinson’spoemsmemorabledespitetheirthematicsimplicity?
Herpoetryisuniqueandunconventionalinitsownway.Herpoemshavenotitles,hencearealwaysquotedbytheirfirstlines.Inherpoetrythereisaparticularstresspattern.Dickinson’sirregularorsometimesinvertedsentencestructurealsoconfusesreaders.However,herpoeticidiomisnotedforitsbrevity,directnessandplainness.Herpoemsareusuallyshort,rarelymorethantwentylines,andmanyofthemarecenteredonasingleimageorsymbolandfocusedononesubjectmatter.Duetoherdeliberateseclusion,herpoemstendtobeverypersonalandmeditative.Shefrequentlyusespersonaetorenderthetonemorefamiliartothereader,andpersonificationtovivifysomeabstractideas.Dickinson'
spoetry,despiteitsostensibleformalsimplicity,isremarkableforitsvariety,subtletyandrichness;
andherlimitedprivateworldhasneverconfinedthegreatpowerofhercreativityandimagination.
9.HowdoesnaturalismreflectedinTheodoreDreiser’sworks?
Asagenre,naturalismemphasizedheredityandenvironmentasimportantdeterministicforcesshapingindividualizedcharacterswhowerepresentedinspecialanddetailedcircumstances.Atbottom,lifewasshowntobeironic,eventragic.Dreiserdescribedearthlyexistenceas“awelterofinscrutableforces,”inwhichwastrappedeachindividualhumanbeing.Inhiswords,Manisa“victimofforcesoverwhichhehasnocontrol.”Tohim,lifeis"
sosad,sostrange,somysteriousandsoinexplicable."
Nowonderthecharactersinhisbooksareoftensubjecttothecontrolofthenaturalforces--especiallythoseofenvironmentandheredity.
InSisterCarrieDreiserexpressedhisnaturalisticpursuitbyexpoundingthepurposelessnessoflifeandattackingtheconventionalmoralstandards.
FromthefirstnovelSisterCarrieon,DreisersethimselftoprojecttheAmericanvaluesforwhathehadfoundthemtobe--materialistictothecore.Livinginsuchasocietywithsuchavaluesystem,thehumanindividualisobsessedwithanever-ending,yetmeaninglesssearchforsatisfactionofhisdesires.Oneofthedesiresisformoneywhichwasamotivatingpurposeoflifeinthe
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