四级模拟题1试题及答案Word文档格式.docx
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四级模拟题1试题及答案Word文档格式.docx
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Forquestions1-7,mark
Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;
N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;
NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.
Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
TheWorldinaGlass:
SixDrinksThatChangedHistory
TomStandageurgesdrinkerstosavorthehistoryoftheirfavoritebeveragesalongwiththetaste.
TheauthorofAHistoryoftheWorldin6Glasses(Walker&
Company,June2005),StandagelaudsthelibationsthathavehelpedshapeourworldfromtheStoneAgetothepresentday.
"
Theimportantdrinksarestilldrinksthatweenjoytoday,"
saidStandage,atechnologyeditorattheLondon-basedmagazinetheEconomist."
Theyarerelics(纪念物)ofdifferenthistoricalperiodsstillfoundinourkitchens."
Takethesix-pack,whosecontentsfirstfizzedatthedawnofcivilization.
Beer
TheancientSumerians,whobuiltadvancedcity-statesintheareaofpresent-daylraq,beganfermenting(发酵)beerfrombarleyatleast6,000yearsago.
Whenpeoplestartedagriculturethefirstcropstheyproducedwerebarleyorwheat.Youconsumethosecropsasbreadandasbeer,"
Standagenoted."
It’sthedrinkassociatedwiththedawnofcivilization.It’sassimpleasthat."
Beerwaspopularwiththemassesfromthebeginning.
Beerwouldhavebeensomethingthatacommonpersoncouldhavehadinthehouseandmadewhenevertheywanted,"
saidLindaBisson,amicrobiologistattheDepartmentofViticultureandEnologyattheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis.
Theguyswhobuiltthepyramidswerepaidinbeerandbread,"
Standageadded."
ItwasthedefiningdrinkofEgyptandMesopotamia.Everybodydrankit.Todayit’sthedrinkoftheworkingman,anditwasthenaswell."
Wine
Winemaybeasoldorolderthanbeer—thoughnoonecanbecertain.
Paleolithichumansprobablysampledthefirst"
wine"
asthejuiceofnaturallyfermentedwildgrapes.Butproducingandstoringwineproveddifficultforearlycultures.
Tomakewineyouhavetohavefreshgrapes,"
saidBisson,theUCDavismicrobiologist."
forbeeryoucanjuststoregrainandaddwatertoprocessitatanytime."
Makingwinealsodemandedpotterythatcouldpreservethepreciousliquid.
Winemaybeeasiertomake[thanbeer],butit’shardertostore,"
Bissonadded."
Formostancientculturesitwouldhavebeenhardtocatch[fermentinggrapejuice]aswineonitswayto[becoming]vinegar."
Suchcaveatsandtheexpenseofproducingwinehelpedthebeveragequicklygainmorecachet(威望)thanbeer.Winewasoriginallyassociatedwithsocialelitesandreligiousactivities.
Winesnobberymaybenearlyasoldaswineitself.GreeksandRomansproducedmanygradesofwineforvarioussocialclasses.
Thequestforqualitybecameaneconomicengineandlaterdroveculturalexpansion.
Onceyouhadregions[likeGreeceandRome]thatcoulddistinguishthemselvesasmakinggoodstuff,itgavethemaneconomicboost,"
Bissonsaid."
Beerjustwasn’tasspecial."
Spirits
Hardliquor,particularlybrandyandrum,placated(安抚)sailorsduringthelongseavoyagesoftheAgeofExploration,whenEuropeanpowerspliedtheseasduringthe15th,16th,andearly17thcenturies.
RumplayedacrucialpartofthetriangulartradebetweenBritain,Africa,andtheNorthAmericancoloniesthatoncedominatedtheAtlanticeconomy.
StandagealsosuggeststhatrummayhavebeenmoreresponsiblethanteafortheindependencemovementinBritain’sAmericancolonies.
DistillingmolassesforrumwasveryimportanttotheNewEnglandeconomy,"
heexplained."
WhentheBritishtriedtotaxmolassesitstruckattheheartoftheeconomy.Theideaof’notaxationwithoutrepresentation’originatedwithmolassesandsugar.Onlyattheenddiditrefertotea."
GreatBritain’slongtimesuperiorityatseamayalsooweadebttoitsnavy’sdrinkofrum-basedchoice,grog(掺水烈酒),whichwasmadeacompulsorybeverageforsailorsinthelate18thcentury.
Theywouldmakegrogwithrum,water,andlemonorlimejuice,"
Standagesaid."
Thisimprovedthetastebutalsoreducedillnessandscurvy.Fleetphysiciansthoughtthatthishaddoubledtheefficiencyofthefleet."
Coffee
ThestoryofmoderncoffeestartsintheArabianPeninsula,whereroastedbeanswerefirstbrewedaroundA.D.1000.Sometimearoundthe15thcentury,coffeespreadthroughouttheArabworld.
IntheArabworld,coffeeroseasanalternativetoalcohol,andcoffeehousesasalternativestotaverns(酒馆)—bothofwhicharebannedbyIslam,"
Standagesaid.
WhencoffeearrivedinEuropeitwassimilarlyhailedasan"
anti-alcohol"
thatwasquitewelcomeduringtheAgeofReasoninthe18thcentury.
JustatthepointwhentheEnlightenmentisgettinggoing,here’sadrinkthatsharpensthemind,"
Thecoffeehouseistheperfectvenue(聚会地点)togettogetherandexchangeideasandinformation.TheFrenchRevolutionstartedinacoffeehouse."
Coffeealsofuelledcommerceandhadstronglinkstotheritualsofbusinessthatremaintothepresentday.LloydsofLondonandtheLondonStockExchangewerebothoriginallycoffeehouses.
Tea
TeabecameadailydrinkinChinaaroundthethirdcenturyA.D.
StandagesaysteaplayedaleadingroleintheexpansionofimperialandindustrialmightinGreatBritainmanycenturieslater.Duringthe19thcentury,theEastIndiaCompanyenjoyedamonopolyonteaexportsfromChina.
Englishmenaroundtheworldcoulddrinktea,whethertheywereacolonialadministratorinIndiaoraLondonbusinessman,"
ThesunneversetontheBritishEmpire—whichmeantthatitwasalwaysteatimesomewhere."
AstheIndustrialRevolutionof18thand19thcenturiesgainedsteam,teaprovidedsomeofthefuel.Factoryworkersstayedalertduringlong,monotonousshiftsthankstowelcometeabreaks.
Thebeveragealsohadunintendedhealthbenefitsforrapidlygrowingurbanareas."
Whenyoustartpackingpeopletogetherincitiesit’shelpfultohaveawater-purificationtechnologyliketea,"
whichwasbrewedwithboilingwater,Standageexplained.
Coca-cola
In1886pharmacistJohnStithPembertonsoldaboutnineCoca-colasaday.
Todayhissoftdrinkisoneoftheworld’smostvaluablebrands-soldinmorecountriesthantheUnitedNationshasmembers.
Itmaybethesecondmostwidelyunderstoodphraseintheworldafter’OK’,"
ThedrinkhasbecomeasymboloftheUnitedStates—loveitorhateit.StandagenotesthatEastGermansquicklyreachedforCokeswhentheBerlinWallfell,whileThaiMuslimspoureditoutintothestreetstoshowdisdainfortheU.S.inthedaysleadinguptothe2003invasionofIraq.
Coca-colaencapsulateswhathappenedinthe20thcentury:
theriseofconsumercapitalismandtheemergenceofAmericaasasuperpower,"
It’sglobalizationinabottle."
WhileCokemaynotalwaysproduceasmile,asurveybytheEconomistmagazine(Standage’semployer),suggeststhatthesoftdrink’spresenceisagreatindicatorofhappycitizens.Whencountrieswerepolledforhappiness,asdefinedbyaUnitedNationsindex,highscorescorrelatedwithsalesofCoca-Cola.
It’snotbecause[Coke]makespeoplehappy,butbecause[its]saleshappeninthedynamicfree-marketeconomiesthattendtoproducehappypeople,"
1.Thepassagegivesabriefdescriptionofthecontentofanewbook,AHistoryoftheWorldin6Glasses.
2.TheancientSumeriansbeganfermentingbeerfrombarleyatleast6,000yearsago.
3.Todaybeeristhedrinkoftheworkingman,whichwasnotthecasebefore.
4.Greeksprobablysampledthefirst"
asthejuiceofnaturallyfermentedwildgrapes.
5.Thecaveatsandtheexpenseofproducingwinehelpeditquicklygainmorecachetthanbeer.
6.StandagesuggeststhatteamayhavebeenmoreresponsiblethanrumfortheindependencemovementinBritain’sAmericancolonies.
7.CoffeeisthebestdrinkaccordingtoStandage.
8.Sometimearoundthe15thcenturycoffeespreadthroughout________.
9.Duringthe19thcentury,themonopolyonteaexportsfromChinais________.
10.Coca-Colahasbecomeasymbolof________.
PartIIIListeningComprehension
SectionA
Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
11.[A]He’llbeabletocleanthehouseintime.
[B]Hedoesn’thavetimetotakethewomanhome.
[C]Itshouldbeeasyforthegueststofindthehouse.
[D]Heneedstimetorelaxbeforetheguestsarrive.
12.[A]Ifthegameisheldtheretheteamwilllose.
[B]Ifthegameisheldtheretheteamwillwin.
[C]Itmakesnodifferencesincetheteamwilllose.
[D]Itmakesnodifferencesincetheteamwillwin.
13.[A]Herson’she
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