四级 四级强化备考阅读练习20Word格式.docx
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四级 四级强化备考阅读练习20Word格式.docx
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appropriate
branching,
depending
on
the
responses,
some
form
of
programminglanguageisrequired.COURSEWRITERandlaterPILOTare"
authorlanguages"
whichallowsomeonewithouttechnicalknowledgeofcomputingtoprepareprogramsofthiskind.Textandgraphicscanbedisplayed,responsesanalyzed,andappropriateactiontaken.
Atoolsuchasthismightseemtoputconsiderablepowerinthehandsoftheteacherandyetsuchsystemsarehardlyusedatallinourschools.Onereasonisthatthepreparationofcoursematerialusinganauthorlanguageis,likethatforvideodiscsystems,averytime-consumingbusiness.Afigureof20to100hoursofpreparationisquotedforeachhourofstudenttimeatthecomputer.Suchaninvestmentisonlyworthwhileifthematerialcanbeusedbyalargenumberofstudents,andthatassumesthatthenecessaryresourcesintimeandhardwareareactuallyavailable.
Thereisamorefundamentalreasonforlackofprogressincomputer-basedtutorialsystemsandthisrelatestothefundamentallackof"
intelligence"
onthepartofthecomputer.Itiseasytogeneratedrillandpracticeexerciseswhichtestastudent'
sabilitytoproduceresponse.Itisquiteanothermattertoprovideusefuladviceiftheresponseiswrong.Thehumanteacherhasamentalmodelofthestudentandcanmakeareasonableestimateofwhyaparticularwronganswerhasbeenproduced.Thelongertheteacherhasbeenincontactwiththatstudentthebetterheorsheisabletoofferconstructiveadvice.Thekindofsystemdiscussedabovehasnosuchmodelofthestudentonwhichtomakedecisions,nordoesithaveaccesstothelargebodyofsubjectknowledgewhichisheldbythehumanteacher.Itsresponsesthereforemustbestereotypedandunintelligent.
Furtherevidenceofthelackofmachineintelligenceisthefailuretomakecomputer"
understand"
naturallanguage.Wetalkabout"
programminglanguages"
forcomputers,butthesearenotlanguagesintheordinarysense.Theyarejustsystemsofcodingwhichprovideahighlystylizedwayofwritingdownthesolutionstoparticularsortsofproblems.Thetactthatprogramsintheselanguages,althoughmadeuplargelyofEnglishwordsandsomewell-knownmathematicalsymbols,areunintelligibletothelayC^f-ffW)readerindi¬
catesthegulfwhichstillexistsbetweenthekindofverbalinstructionswhichcanbegiventoanotherhuman,andthecodedinstructionsrequiredbythecompu¬
ter.Oneexperthasarguedthattheconstructionofanintelligentmachineisalogicalimpossibility.Manyresearchersinthisareawoulddisputesuchaclaim,butsofartheycannotprovidetheessentialdemonstrationtothecontrary.
The
development
"
expert
systems"
which
can
provide
advice
andinformationonthebasisofhumanexperiencewhichisfedintothem,isonestepinthedirectionofmachineintelligence.
However,suchsystemsarelimitedtoknowledgeinatightlydefineddomain,andcannotoperateoutsidethisarea.Nevertheless,theremaywellbesomethinghereforeducation.TheComputerintheClassroom
Wheredoesthisleavethecomputerasatoolfortheteacher?
Clearlyteachersmustexploititsstrengthsratherthancomplainaboutitsweakness.Howeverdullmuchdrillandpracticematerialmayseem,childrenwilloftenworkatitforaconsiderabletimewithoutlosingconcentration.Rotelearning(硬记硬背)isrightlyoutoffavorinmosteducationalcontexts,buttherearecertainthingswhichitisconvenienttobeabletorecallinstantly,andthecomputercanhelpustorememberthem.Theschoolpupilsoonlearnsthatthecomputernevergetstired,neverlosesitstemper,willalwaysrespondalmostinstantaneouslytoanyinput,anddoesnotdisplaythepupil'
signorancetootherpeople,andthesefactorshelptoprovideamicro-environmentwithinwhichthepupilisstableandsecure.
Theintroductionofcomputersintoprimaryschoolshasconcentratedthemindsofeducatorsontheuseofthemachineasanaidtotheteacher,withoutthedistractionofcomputerstudiesasasubjectinitsownright.Thecomputerisverygoodatstoringandrearranginginformation,andtheintroductionofsimpledatabasemanipulationpackageshasallowedteacherstopresentpupilswiththeopportunitytocollectinformationwhichisofinteresttothem,tostructureitappropriately,andtostoreitonthecomputer.Fromthefilesthusproducedvariousreportscanbegenerated.Thesepackagescanbeusedinavarietyofareasofstudy,fromhistorytoscience,andanintroductiontothemisnowanimportantpartofteachereducationintheuseofcomputers.Computerscanalsosimulate(|模拟)variousdynamicsituations,andanumberofpackagesexploitthisability.Eventheadventuregames,whicharesoldforamusementtohomecomputerusers,canbeturnedtoadvantageiftheproblem-solvingaspectsareemphasizedandthepupils'
activityisappropriatelystructured.
1.
Acomputerhasitslimitationsintheuseasanaidtoteaching.
2.
Itislikelythatcomputerswilltaketheplaceofhumanteachersinthefuture.
3.
Withtheuseofmanycomputersinschools,
thecomputercourseswereingreatdemand.
4.
Computersaremorereliablethanhumanteachersinmanyrespects.
5.
Iffocusingonproblem-solving,pupilscangetmoreamusementfromthecomputergames.
6.
Thereisanargumentoverthepossibilityofmakingcomputersasintelligentashumanteachers.
7.
Themorefundamentalfactorthataffectscomputeraidedteachingisthatitistime-consumingtopreparecoursematerials.
8.
CoursewriterandPilotare______.
9.
Forconstructiveadvice,studentswillhavetorelyon______.
10.
Theadvantageofcomputer'
scapabilityofstoringinformationhasbeendisplayedbytheuseof______.
Passage2
Growthoftradewilldependgreatlyonavailabilityofenergysources.TheremaystillbeatrillionbarrelsofrecoverableoilintheMiddleEast.
Buttheoilcrisisof1974has
11
torenewedinterestincoalandtoasearchfor
12sourcesofenergy.Solar,geothermal,andnuclearenergywillplayalargeroleintheyearstocome.
Solarenergyisavailablein13forms.Buildingscanbeheatedandcooledbydirectuseofsolarradiation,cropsandtrees,whicharethemostefficientconvertersofsunlightintoenergy,canbegrownfortheirenergypotential,wastescanbeburnedas14,sunlightcanbeconvertedintoDC(directcurrent)electricity,electricpowercanbe15fromthesun-warmedsurfacewatersoftheocean,andlastly,solarradiationcanbeconvertedintoheatthatwilldriveelectricpowergenerators.Seriousproblemsstillremainasto16andstorageofsolarenergy.
Geothermal
energy
is
contained
within
earth.
Heat
isabundantlyavailabledeepintheearth'
scoreandisconstantlybeingproduced.However,thisheatisusuallylocatedattoodeepalevelfor
17
exploitation.Inshort,verylittleisknownontheuseofgeothermalenergy,andithas
18beenexploited.
Nuclearenergyisproducedinnuclearpowerplants.Attheseplantsatomsofuraniumaresplit,thus
19massesofenergy.
Anothersourceofenergyunderdevelopmentisthenuclearfusionofcertainatomsofhydrogen.Thiscouldeventually
20
naturalgasasasourceofenergy.
A.rarely
B.
transformation
C.
fuel
D.
replace
E.led
F.
alternative
G.
commercial
H.
briefly
I.
derived
J.
various
K.
relieving
L.
releasi
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