英国文学史考纲Word下载.docx
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英国文学史考纲Word下载.docx
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TheSeafarer;
TheWanderer
TheLover’sMessage
Prose:
Anglo-saxonChronicle(1154,AlfredtheGreat)
2.3Beowulf
BeowulfisthemostremarkableliteraryworkinoldEnglishthathasbeenpreserved.Existingatfirstintheoraltradition,thepoemwassungprobablyattheendofthe6thcenturyandthebeginningofthe7th.Aboutacenturylater,itwasfirstwrittendownasanepic.Themanuscriptpreservedtodaybelongstothetenthcentury,consistingaltogetherof3182linesofalliterativeverseinoldEnglish.
2.3.1Thestory
2.3.2Thestructure
Accordingtothecontentsofthestory,thepoemcanbedividedintothreeparts:
PartI:
thefightagainstGrendel
PartII:
thefightagainstGrendel’smother
PartIII:
thefightagainsttheFireDragon
2.3.3Heroicideal
2.3.4Thethemes
2.4TheartisticfeaturesofoldEnglishpoetry
Alliteration,metaphor,understatement,vividpoeticdictionandparallelexpressionsforasingleidea
PartIITheAnglo—NormanPeriod
(1066—1350)
1.Thehistoricalbackground:
TheNormanConquestanditsconsequence
1.1TheNormanConquest
1.2Theconsequence
TheNormanConquestbroughtaboutEnglandmorethanachangeofrulers.Politically,afeudalistsystemwasestablishedinEngland;
religiously,theRome-backedCatholicChurchhadamuchstrongercontroloverthecountry;
andgreatchangesalsotookplaceinlanguages.Aftertheconquest,threelanguagesco-existedinEngland.OldEnglishwasspokenonlybythecommonEnglishpeople;
FrenchbecametheofficiallanguageusedbythekingandtheNormanlords;
andLatinbecametheprincipletongueofchurchaffairsandwasusedbytheclergymenandscholarsinuniversities.
TheconquestopenedupEnglandtothewholeEuropeancontinent,sothatwiththeintroductionofthecultureandliteratureofFrance,ItalyandotherEuropeancountries,afreshwaveofMediterraneancivilizationcameintoEngland.
2.TheLiterature
2.1BriefSurvey
Theliteratureinthisperiodisremarkableforitsbright,romantictalesofloveandadventure,inmarkedcontrastwiththestrengthandsombernessofAnglo-Saxonpoetry.DuringthefollowingthreecenturiesAnglo-SaxonspeechsimplifieditselfbydroppingitsTeutonicinflections,absorbedeventuallyalargepartoftheFrenchvocabulary,andbecametheEnglishlanguage.
2.2MedievalRomance
2.2.1ThecontentofRomance
ThemostprevailingkindofliteratureinfeudalEnglandwastheromance.Itwasalongcomposition,sometimesinverse,sometimesinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero.Thecentralcharacterofromanceswastheknight,amanofnoblebirthskilledintheuseofweapons.Hewascommonlydescribedasridingforthtoseekadventures,takingpartintournaments,orfightingforhislordinbattle.Hewasdevotedtothechurchandtheking.Thecodeofmannersandmoralsofaknightisknownaschivalry.Onewhowantedtobeaknightshouldserveanapprenticeshipasasquireuntilhewasadmittedtotheknighthoodwithsolemnceremonyandtheswearingofoaths.
2.2.2TheRomanceCycles(Groups)
MattersofBritain
RomanceofmattersofBritaintalksabouttheadventuresofKingArthurandhisKnightsoftheRoundTable.
ThedevelopmentofromanceofKingArthurinBritishliterature:
Origin:
Celticlegends
Beginning:
HistoryoftheKingsofBritain(GeoffreyofMonmouth)
Brut(Layamon)
Culmination:
SirGawainandtheGreenknight
Summingup:
MortD’Arthur(ThomasMallory)
MattersofFrance
MattersofRome
2.2.3Theclassnatureoftheromance
Thethemeofloyaltytokingandlordwasrepeatedlyemphasizedinromances,asloyaltywasthecorner-stoneoffeudalmorality,withoutwhichthewholestructureoffeudalismwouldcollapse.
Theromanceswereeitherrecitedbyprofessionalminstrelsorwrittentobereadaloud.Butinbothcasestheaudiencewasusuallythatofthecourtofthecastle.Theromanceshadnothingtodowiththecommonpeople.Theywerecomposedforthenoble,ofthenoble,andinmostcasesbythepoetspatronizedbythenoble.
2.3SirGawainandtheGreenknight
2.3.2Thetheme
2.3.3Theartisticfeatures:
Alliteration…
PartIIIGeoffreyChaucer
(1340?
—1400)
1.GeoffreyChaucer
1.1HisplaceinBritishLiterature
“FatherofEnglishPoetry”andoneofthegreatestnarrativepoetsofEngland.
1.2Hislife
Prosperousfamily,OxfordandCambridge,rubelbowswiththecourt,traveltoItalyandFrance,memberofParliamentandsoondismissed,ClerksoftheKing’sworks,buriedWestminsterAbbey
1.3Thebackground
·
Thefoundationsofthefeudalsystemhadalreadybeguntocrumble.
Thepeople’suprisingof1388raisedthequestionastotheabolitionoffeudalism.
ThegloryoftheCatholicchurchwasonthewane.
1.4LiteraryCareer
CriticstendtodivideChaucer’sliterarycareerintothreeperiods,namely,theFrench,theItalianandthematureperiod
TheFrenchperiod:
RomanceoftheRose
TheBookoftheDuchess
TheItalianperiod:
TheHouseofFame(1377)
TroilusandCriseyde(1372-1384)
TheParliamentofFouls(1375-1385)
TheLegendofGoodWomen
Thematureperiod:
TheCanterburyTales
1.5Theotherimportantworksinhistime
Poetry:
PiersthePlowman(WilliamLangland,1330?
—1400?
)
MirourdeL’omme(JohnGower,1376—1379)
Voxclamantis(JohnGower,1330?
—1408)
ConfessionAmantis(JohnGower,1390—1393)
LeMorted’Arthur1469,SirThomasMalory(1405—1471)
PopularBallads...
drama:
Themiracleplay:
SecondShepherds’Play
NoahandtheFlood
Themoralityplay:
Everyman(1470)
Theinterlude:
ThePlayofWeather(1553)
2.TheCanterburyTales
2.1Introduction
2.2ThesocialsignificanceofTheCanterburyTales
Realisticdescription
Humanisticideas
Hislanguage
Rhymedstanzas
PartIVTheRenaissance
1.Thebackgroundofhistory
1.1TheNewMonarchy
HenryVII(1485-1509),foundedTudordynasty,acentralizedmonarchyofatotallyNewtype,whichmettheneedsoftherisingbourgeoisieandsowonitsupport.
1.2Thereformation
ThelongreignofHenryVIIIismarkedbytheentranceofthereligiousreformationfromtheContinent.ItwasMartinLuther,ayoungprofessoratWittenberg,Germany,whoinitiatedthereligiousmovementsoftheReformationoutofnewinterpretationsandspiritualquestioningoftheRomanCatholicbeliefs.AnsweringtoMartinLuther’scallforareturntopureChristianityandforaninwardandpersonalknowledgeofGod,reformersfromnorthernEuropevitalizedthisProtestantMovement.IntheearlystageofthecontinentalReformation,HenryVIIIwasconspicuouslyfaithfulsonoftheCatholicChurch,andonlyhisneedofalegitimatemaleheir,andhenceanewwife,ledhimtocuttieswithRome.ButthecommonEnglishPeoplehadlongbeendissatisfiedwiththecorruptionofthechurchandinspiredbythereformers’ideasfromtheContinent.SotheywelcomedandsupportedHenry’sdecisionofbreakingawayfromtheRome.WhenHenryVIIIdeclaredhimselfthroughtheapprovaloftheParliamentastheSupremeHeadoftheChurchofEnglandin1534,thereformationinEnglandcameintoitsfullswing.TheChurchofEnglandthusestablishedgraduallyProtestantiseditself,withthebriefcounterreformationoftheCatholicMary’sreign.BythemiddleofElizabeth’sreign,Protestantismhadbeenfirmlyestablished,withacertainextentofcompromisebetweenCatholicismandProtestantism.
Thereformationofthechurchwasactuallyareflectionoftheclassstrugglewagedbythenewrisingbourgeoisieagainstthefeudalclassanditsideology.
1.3TheEnglishBible
TranslationofBible:
JohnWycliffe(1330-1384),WilliamTyndale(1495-1384),MilesCoverdale’s(1488-1568)completedBibleversionin1535,Mathew’sBiblein1537,Taverner’sBiblein1539andtheGenevaBiblein1560
TheAuthorizedVersion:
TheKingJamesBibleorThe1611AuthorizedVersionoftheBible
TheAuthorizedVersionisamonumentofEnglishlanguageandEnglishliterature.Apartfromthereligiousinfluence,theAuthorizedVersionhashadagreatinfluenceonEnglishLanguageandLiterature.ThetranslatorsoftheAuthorizedVersionheldfasttopure,oldEnglishspeech.About93percentofthe6,000wordsusedinitarethemainwordsofnativeEnglish.So,withthewidespreadinfluenceoftheEnglishBible,thestandardmodernEnglishhasbeenfixedandconfirmed.AgreatnumberofBiblecoinagesandphraseshavepassedintodailyEnglishspeechashouseholdwords,andareoftenusedwithnoknowledgeoftheirorigin.Forinstance,“peacemaker”,“tendermercy”,“lovingkindness”,“longsuffering”,“clearascrystal”,“aroseasoneman”,“athornintheflesh”,“rootofallevil”,“theshadowofdeath”,“eyeforeye,toothfortooth”andmanymore.ThusthesimpleanddignifiedLanguageoftheAuthorizedVersionhascoloredthestyleoftheEnglishProseforthelast300yearsandmore,andtheEnglishBiblehaswovenitsphrasesandexpressionsintothetextureoftheEnglishLanguage,EnglishLiteratureandEnglishLife.
1.4TheEnclosureMovement:
TheEnclosureMovement,ontheonehand,contributesmuchtotherapiddevelopmentoftrade,especiallyofwooltrade;
ontheotherhand,leadstotheaggravationofthecontradictionbetweenthewealthoftherulingclassedandthepovertyofthepeople.
1.5Thecommercialexpansion:
thewarwithSpain,1588
1.6TheRenaissanceandhumanism
TheRenaissance:
Thisword,meaning“rebirth”iscommonlyappliedtothemoveme
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