英语语法之非谓语动词Word格式.docx
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英语语法之非谓语动词Word格式.docx
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Ifoundthistextverydifficulttounderstand.
○不定式作主语补足语
1.Hewasaskedtoretellthestorytotheclass.
2.Theyweremadetoexplaintheirlateforclass.
○不定式作表语
Hisjobtodayistobeaguideforthoseforeigntourists.
不定式作表语,有时表示预先安排好的计划或约定要做的事或某事不可避免地将要发生。
“Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowedandsomefewtobechewedanddigested.”—Bacon
○beabout+不定式:
表示“正要”、“即将”,指的是一个眼下就要发生的动作。
Mymotherwasabouttogooutwhenitbegantorain.
○不定式作结果状语,常常表示“出人意料”的意思。
如果不定式前有only,则表示“出人意料”的不愉快结果。
如:
1.Hecameroundtofindhimselfinhospital.
2.Hecamebackonlytofindthathiscarwasdamaged.
○toblame,其主动的形式表示被动的含义。
Ihaveonlymyselftoblame.
○不定式常常用在it作形式主语/宾语的结构中。
1.ItisimportantforustolearnEnglishgrammar.
2.IfinditveryimportanttolearnEnglish.
○不定式常常直接用在what,how,which,where,whom,when等词后。
Idon’tknowwheretogoandwhattodonext.
○不定式的完成时:
表示不定式的动作发生在谓语的动作之前。
Between1850and1910thepopulationhereisthoughttohavefallenfrom60milliontojustafewhundred.
○有些动词后只跟不定式。
want,wish,hope,manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan,decide,agree,expect,mean
以下两种情况容易与不定式发生混淆。
○有的时候to后面只跟-ing形式
accustom(oneself)toresignoneselfto(屈从)
beaccustomedtoberesignedto
faceuptoresortto(诉诸于)
sticktolookforwardto
be/getusedtobededicatedto(致力于)
objecttoconfessto(承认)
bereducedto(使处于)
beopposedto
○need/want+-ing:
有被动的含义。
(详见下面)
Heneedsencouraging.
(二)动词-ing形式(现在分词或动名词)
○动词-ing形式的各种形式
doing
beingdone
havingdone
havingbeendone
○能跟动词-ing形式,不能跟不定式的动词有:
enjoy
appreciate
avoid
delay
resent
dislike
practice
postpone
mind
putoff
feellike
finish
can’thelp
fancy
第一列最常用。
can’tresist
escape
excuse
explain
consider
contemplate
defer
report
forgive
suggest
detest
deny
risk
imagine
keep(on)
itmeans
mention
miss
recall
pardon
understandadmit
1.Fathersuggestedgoingbybus.
2.Weappreciateyourinvitingustoyourparty.
3.Shejustmissedbeingcaught.
4.Pleasepardonmydisturbingyou.
5.Ican’tresistbargaining.
6.Wouldyoumindringingmeuptomorrow?
○有些词要用在固定结构中:
动词+宾语+into+动词-ing。
1.Hetrickedherintomarryinghim.
2.Hisfriendlywordswillmisleadyouintotrustinghim.
3.Bobtalkedmeintowalkinghomewithhim.
4.Shetrappedhimintoadmittingthathelikedher.
○有些词要用在固定结构:
动词+宾语+from+动词-ing。
1.Nothingwouldstopmefromachievingmyaim.
2.Therewasnothingtopreventherfromdoingso.
3.Whatkeptyoufromjoiningme?
4.Don’tletmehinderyoufromgoing.
5.Asailorsavedhimfromdrowning.
○能跟不定式和-ing分词而意义无太大区别的动词有:
attempt
begin
continue
hate
deserve
dread
like
love
need
prefer
intend
require
start
plan
can’tbear
cease
neglect
①在begin,can’tbear,cease,continue,dread,like,love,neglect,prefer,start等动词之后,如表示一般的行为,用-ing分词居多;
如表示特定的或具体的动作,则用不定式较多。
1.Idon’tlikewatchingtelevision.
2.I’dliketoswimtoday.
②(need,want,require,deserve)+-ing=(~)+tobedone
1.Thehousewantsrepairing.
=Thehousewantstoberepaired.
2.Thisletterneedssigningbythemanager.
=Thisletterneedstobesignedbythemanager.
○能跟不定式和-ing分词而意义不同的动词有3类:
①(remember,forget,regret)+-ing:
动作发生在之前;
(remember,forget,regret)+todo:
动作发生在之后;
1.IregrettellingyouthatJohnstoleit.
=IregretthatItoldyou…
2.IregrettotellyouthatJohnstoleit.
=Iamsorrytotellyou…
②(stop,leaveoff,goon)+-ing:
侧重目前之事;
(stop,leaveoff,goon)+todo:
侧重下一个事儿;
1.Heleftoffwritingthebook.
=Hestoppedwritingthebook.
2.Heleftofftowritethebook.
=Heleftsomeplaceinordertowritethebook.
③trydoing=“尝试”;
tryingtodo=“试图,努力”。
meandoing=“意味着”;
meantodo=“打算”。
1.Yourplanwouldmeanspendinghours.
2.Ididn’tmeantomakeyouangry.
(三)过去分词
○过去分词作表语。
Thescientistswereexcitedabouttheresult.
○过去分词作定语。
1.Adrunkenmanisonewhohasdrunktoomuchalcohol.
2.Theconcertheldbyourclasswasagreatsuccess.
○过去分词作状语。
1.Whenheated(=Whenitisheated),icewillbechangedintowater.
2.Bornandbredinthecountryside,shewasbewilderedbythebigcity.
3.Althoughexhaustedbytheclimb,hecontinuedhisjourney.
4.Asscheduled,thetwofriendsmetonmay10.
(四)注意事项
○感官动词(see,hear,feel,watch,notice,observe等)之后既可跟动词原形又可跟现在分词。
1.Iheardhersingbeautifullyyesterday.(一次性)
2.Icouldhearhersinginginthenextroom.(进行性)
跟动词原形时,其被动式要带上to;
跟现在分词时,则不必。
1.Shewasheardtosingbeautifullyyesterday.
2.Shecouldbeheardsinginginthenextroom.
○分词作状语问题。
如果分词与主句的主语是主动关系,则要用现在分词;
如果分词与主句的主语是被动关系,则要用过去分词。
1.Havingreadalltherequiredmaterial,hewasabletoanswerallthequestionsontheexamination.
2.Notknowingwhattodo,shewenttothepolice.
3.Beingverytiredwithhiswalk,hesoonfellasleep.
4.Helaythere,listeningtothenews.
5.Hurtbyhiswords,Iwenthomewithoutsayinganything.
6.Lefttoherself,shebegantoweep.
***请注意:
表示时间的状语,when,while,whereas和after等,可以直接置于分词之前。
如:
1.Whentalkingtotheteacheronthephone,shetooksomenotes.
2.Whileopeningthebook,hefoundthechapterhewantedtoread.
三、独立主格结构(或独立分词结构)
当有名词或代词在分词短语之前作分词的主语时,就构成了独立主格结构。
在英语中独立主格结构通常作状语。
(***注意:
分词前的主语只和分词发生关系,并不和主句发生关系,所以我们才叫它“独立结构”。
独立结构与主句之间常用逗号隔开,位置可位于句首、句中或句尾,可表时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随状况等,独立结构均可变为由with/without引导的介词短语。
)由此,为方便同学们记忆掌握,我们将其分为三类:
○名词/代词+分词
1.ChristmasDaybeingaholiday,theshopswereallclosed.
2.Weatherpermitting,theshipwillleavetheharboratdawn.
3.Sheturnedaway,thefireallgonefromher.
4.Hishomeworkdone,Jimdecidedtogotothecinema.
○with+名词/代词+分词:
表肯定;
without+名词/代词+分词:
表否定。
1.Withthedoorclosed,weworkedalltheafternoon.
2.Witheverythingtakenintoconsideration,hisworkiswelldone.
3.Withouttheteachernoticing,Islippedintotheclassroom.
○there+being或there+havingbeen
1.Therebeingsolittletodo,hewasdisappointed.
2.Therehavingbeentroubleoverthisinthepast,Iwanttotreatthemattercautiously.
动词不定式专项练习
(***请注意:
考查不定式结构时,往往在某些固定表达中。
)
1.Hewastooexcited.
A.speakB.tospeak
C.nottospeakD.speaking
2.CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsideredthefirstcomputer.
A.toinventB.inventing
C.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented
3.Hesaidhewouldrathernotitrightnow.
A.doingB.todo
C.doD.tobedoing
4.Ratherthanonacrowdedbus,healways
prefersabicycle.
A.ride;
rideB.riding;
ride
C.ride;
torideD.toride;
riding
5.It’sfreezingoutside.Youputonyourovercoat.
A.hadbettertoB.hadbetter
C.wouldbetterD.wouldbetterto
6.Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortableto.
A.sitB.siton
C.besitD.besaton
7.I’mhungry.Getmesomething.
A.eatB.toeat
C.eatingD.foreating
8.—Iusuallygotherebytrain.
—Whynotbyboatforachange?
A.totrygoingB.tryingtogo
C.totryandgoD.trygoing
9.Shedidnothingatthephoto.
A.exceptlookB.buttolook
C.excepttolookD.butlooking
10.Iaskedhimtomeafewminutessothatwecouldgooveralltheproblems.
A.spendB.spare
C.saveD.share
11.Theywon’tlettheirteacherinthatway.
A.tobetreatedB.beingtreated
C.treatedD.betreated
12.John,youmustgetyourroomafterbreakfast.
A.tobecleanedB.toclean
C.cleaningD.cleaned
13.Theproblemattomorrow’smeetingisaverydifficultone.
A.beingdiscussedB.discussed
C.tobediscussedD.todiscuss
14.Hereachedthestationonlythatthetrainhadjustleft.
A.tired;
learnedB.tiring;
learning
C.totire;
tolearnD.tired;
tolearn
15.—Didthatbookgivetheinformationyouneeded?
—Yes,but,wehadtoreaditalmostentirely.
A.forfindingitB.tofindit
C.findingitD.byfindingit
16.I’msorryIforgotyourdictionary.Let’sborrowonefromLiMing.
A.totakeB.taking
C.tobringD.bringing
17.Shecouldn’tdecidewhichrestaurant.
A.tohavelunchB.toeat
C.toeatatD.eatingat
18.Thisproblemissaidthreetimes.
A.tohavebeentalkedB.tohavediscussed
C.havingbeendiscussedD.tohavebeentalkedabout
19.Everybodybelievedthemanawaythediamondring.
A.betakenB.taking
C.totakeD.tohavetaken
20.Ipreferratherthan.
A.read;
watchB.toread;
watch
C.reading;
towatchD.toread;
towatch
(练习答案:
BCCCBBBDABDDCDBCCDDB)
现在分词/动名词专项练习
1.Whenaskedbythepolice,hesaidthathe
rememberedattheparty,butnot.
A.toarrive;
leavingB.toarrive;
toleave
C.arriving;
leavingD.arriving;
to
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