中西方餐桌礼仪的差异英文版英语专业毕业论文Word格式.docx
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中西方餐桌礼仪的差异英文版英语专业毕业论文Word格式.docx
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中西方餐桌礼仪的差异
DifferentTableMannersbetweenChinaandtheWest
Contents
1Introduction
Tablemannerreferstothecommonpoliteeatingstandardinhumansociety.Onthecontrary,somebehaviorswheneatingareregardedasrudeanddestroyingother’sappetite.Inaccordancewithdifferentcultureofdifferentcountries,therearedifferenttablemanners.
Accordingtotheliterature,ChinChinesedailylife.Whereas,tablemannerhashighstatue.WhileeatingwithtraditionalChinesefamily,wehavetorespecttheirtraditionalcultureandcustom.TablemanneroccupiesaimportantplaceinthemodernChineselifeorder.Theythinkthateatingisnotjusttomeetthebasicphysicalneed,butalsoessentialsocialexperience.ThereforeitisparticularlyimportanttomastersomeceremonialknowledgeaboutChinesetablemanner,esetablemannerhasformedaquitecompletesystemsinceZhouDynasty.ThistraditionalbanquetarestillremaininginmostpartsofChina.Asthesayinggoes,foodistheparamountnecessityofthepeople.Inthiswaycanweseethateatingdietplaysasignificantroleinwhetheryouareahostoraguest.
WesterntablemanneroriginatedinMerovingianDynasty,FranceaffectedbytheByzantineculture.AttheRomanEmpireTime,tablemannerbecamemorecomplexandautocratic.Theemperor,sittinginthetallestchairs,mustreceivethedishestakenbytheministerswhenmusicwassounded.Beforetheseventeenthcentury,eatingwithhatwasthetraditionalcustom.Intheimperialera,differentnationshavedifferenteatinghabitsastablemannerismorecumbersomeandharsh.WhentheRomansatelunch,theyusuallyliedonthechairs.Beforeeating,Britishputtheirhandsontheleg,whileFrenchputtheirhandsonthetable.Europeantablemannerisdevelopedonthebasisofknightsspirit.Inthetwelfthcentury,theItalianculturespreadtoFrancesothattablemannerbecameelegantandrefined.Today,therehasformedacompletesetoftablemanners.
2TheDifferentTableMannersBetweenChinaandWest
2.1DifferenceinDinnerware
Chopsticks,whichhavealonghistoryof3000years,arethetypicalChinesetablewareconsistentwiththetraditional"
harmony"
thought.Therearethreenotesthatwemustpayattentiontoabouttheuseofchopsticks:
first,placechopsticksneatlyontherightsideofthebowlbeforeeating.Second,donotusechopstickstomakeasound,lickchopsticks,orpointatanyonewithchopsticks.Takingparticularnotice,donotinsertthechopsticksinriceorpasta,becauseitisverysimilartotheancientritualcandlesandsymbolizesinfelicity.Chopsticksarenecessary,asarespoons,plates,cups,napkins,toothpicks.Thespoonisusedforsouporothersmallmorselsoffood.Propersoupisatthree-quarterofthebowl.Remembernottoputsouptoofulltosmearthetableclothorclothing.Ingeneral,thebigplatesareforavarietyofdishes,smallplatesforthefooddishtoholdtheincomingfoodfromthepublicplates.Toomanythingsarenotproperinthetablecoversoastoavoidoiltospill,andputthornsonthefrontendoftheplate.Napkinsareoftenusedinsomelargehotels.Beforedinner,thewaiterswillprepareahotwettowelfortheguests.AsmallhandlelesswinecupcupisusuallyontheleftofthedishfortheChinesealcohol.
WesterndinnerwarearemainlytheknifeandforkwhichwerewidelyusedbyFranceintheEuropeancontinentinthe18thcentury.Westernersusingknifeandforkisconsistedwiththeircultureaboutnomadismandmaritime,whichshowsvividlythattheyarecompetitiveandadventurous.Beforeeating,knifeandforkareplacedinaccordancewiththerule:
leftforkandrightknifebothsidesoftheplaterespectively,withthebladetookinward.Wheneating,righthandtaketheknifetocutfoodwithoutbladeoutward,whilelefthandusetheforktoeatfood.Ifnottoeattemporarily,oneshouldplaceknifeandforkin"
eight"
shapewiththebladetowardoneself.Whenthemealisfinished,theforkshouldberaisedonthebackandthebladeisfoldedinwardwiththefork.Besidesknifeandfork,spoons,napkin,glassarealsoessentialforWesterndinner.Spoonsaredividedintotwotypes:
soupspoonsandsweetspoons.Alargespoonisnexttotheknife,whilesmalldessertspoonareplacedonthetopofthedessertdish.Whendrinkingsoup,oneshouldtakethespoonwiththerighthand.Afterdrinking,oneshouldplaceitintheoppositesideoftheplate.Thenapkinisusuallypreparedontheplatebeforethemeal.Thewineglassesareplacedwiththeorder:
liqueurglass,redwineglasses,champagneglasses,beermugs.Andthetypeofwineisthesameasthetypeofwine.Thewineglassisusuallyontherightsideoftheknife.
2.2DifferencesinServingOrder
InChinesebanquet,appetizers,thefirstdish,aresometimemadeoffourkindsofcoldplatet.Representativeappetizersarethebeancuredmixedwithhoppedgreenonion,coldcutsox-tripandsoon.Afterthecoldplate,fourhotplatesarefollowedthatusuallyarefriedshrimp,friedporkandsoon.Hotplatescanbenotservedifguestsdonotwant.Therearetwopointswhenservinghotplate.First,thewaiteroughttoservefromtheleftoftheoppositeseatofthemostimportantguest.Second,waitercouldnotputtheheadsoftheanimalsforexamplechickentopointatthechiefseatbecauseitisareallyunluckybehavior.Thefollowingarethemaincourse,alsoknownaslargedishes,willbetakenonthetable.Ifthemenuismarked"
eightpieces"
itsaysthatthereareatotalofeightmaincourse.Thenumberofcoursesinthemaincourseisusuallyfour,six,eightandothereven,sincetheChinesepeoplethinkthatevenisthethesymbleofgoodluck.Intheluxuriousbanquet,thenumbersofmaincourseevencanbeuptotenkindsofspecies.Thesedishesaremadeofdifferentmaterials,addedacid,sweet,bitter,spicy,saltyflavors,withfried,steamed,boiled,fried,roasted,friedandothercookingmethods.Mostoftheorderofthedishesarematchedinteractively,forexample,combininglighttastewithoilyandgreattaste.Soupistheend.Desserts,suchassmallsteamedbreadfilledwithbeanpaste,almondsandsoon,areprovidedafterthemaincourse.Lastarethefruits,whicharegoodfordigesting.
Inwesternbanquet,theappetizerisalsothefirstdishwhichisspecialty.Asforthefirstdish,itusuallymatchwithaperitif.Itiswesterners’favoritesnackwithacidandcrisptaste.Theseconddish,extremelydifferentfromChina,issoupwhichisclassifiedgenerallyintofivecategories:
vegetablesoup,coldsoup,creamsoup,pureedsoup,andclearsoup.Nextissidedish,alsocalledfishdish,includingavarietyofseafoodsuchasshellfishandmollusksfortheseafoodisfullofnutritionandgoodforlungandeye.Thefourthdishismaincourse,whichalsoknownaspoultryormeatdish.Delicioussteakorlambisthemostcommonmaincourse.Aftergreasymeatdish,itisrighttimeforsalad,refreshingvegetabledish,suchastomato,broccoli,onionandsoon.Thefollowingdisharedessertswhichhavemanydifferentkinds.Theycanbechocolatecookie,croissant,moussecake,macaronis.Coffeeisthefinaldrinking,whichcanbeaddedmilkandsugaraccordingtoyourowntaste.Italsohasdifferentkindssuchasbluemountaincoffee,latte,mochaandsoon.
2.3DifferencesinSeatArrangement
IntheChinesetablemanner,atthebeginning,letguestsattendtheseats,thenpleasetheelderlysitnexttotheguests.Oneshouldseatfromtheleftsideofthechair.Whensittingonthechair,oneshouldnotmovethechopsticks,ormakenoise,letalonewalkscasually.Hostinvitesgueststohaveseatsandshouldnotletguestssitclosetotheplacewheredishesareserved.Ifyouarethemaster,youshouldpointatachairandsaytotheguestwithagentletone:
"
pleasesithere."
Therearethreefundamentalwayforsittingarrangement:
first,takingtheseatthatmastersitsasasign,theguestsonhisrightishonor,comparativelyspeaking,theleftisoflowerposition.Second,firsthostshouldsittowardsthemaindoorsothatshowsthedistinguishedidentification,thentheguestsofhonorsitontherightofmaster.Asfordeputychiefguests,theyshouldsitontheleft.Third,ifthepositionoftheguestofhonorissuperiortothehost,thehostisabletoaskguestwhetherhewantstohaveaseatwherethehostshouldhaveseated,andiftheguestsaysyes,thenthehostshouldsitontherightofmainseat.However,iftheguestissomodestthatherefusestodoitpersistently,hostshouldstopit.Whileinthefamilybanquet,theolderarethemostreputable.
WesternpeoplebelievethesameprinciplethattherightishonorandtheleftislowasChinese.Assoonashostesstellsgueststhatthedinnerisready,thehostwillintroducethegueststohaveaseat.Ifyouareacarefulmaster,youwilltakenametagonthetableinordertoshowseatsforeveryone.however,theseatarrangementisusuallyfollowedtherulethatfemaleandmalesitseparatelywithoutnamecards.Host’sseatisontherightofhostess.Theothercouplesarediagonallyseated.CouplesittingindividuallyshowstheopeningandlivelynatureoftheAmericanbanquet.Theyhopethatthebanquetcanbeusedtoenhancetherelationshipofeachotherandrelaxingatmosphere.“Ladyfirst’’isgenerallyfollowedinseatarrangementwhenpeoplehaveadatingandholdsomeinformaloccasion.Whenagentlemansharesasupperwithawoman,thegentlemanoughttomakesurethatwomansitsinsideandsitsfarfromtheaisleincasethatwaiterorothercustomersrunintoher.Iftherearemanypeople,menshouldleadthewomensitinthemiddle.What
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