大学英语 复习资料Word文件下载.docx
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大学英语 复习资料Word文件下载.docx
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()5.A.thenB.inventC.everD.eve
二、阅读理解
Passage1
Humanneedsseemendless.Whenahungrymangetsameal,hebeginstothinkaboutanovercoat;
whenamanagergetsanewsportscar,abighouseandpleasureboatsdanceintoview.
Themanyneedsofmankindmightberegardedasmakingupseverallevels.Whenthereismoneyenoughtosatisfyonelevelofneeds,anotherlevelappears.
Thefirstandmostbasiclevelofneedsinvolvesfood.Oncethislevelissatisfied,thesecondlevelofneeds,clothingandsomesortofshelter,appears.BytheendofWorldWarII,theseneedsweresatisfiedforagreatmajorityofAmericans.Thenathirdlevelappeared.Itincludedsuchitemsasautomobilesandnewhouses.
By1957or1958thisthirdlevelofneedswasfairlywellsatisfied.Then,inthelate1950s,afourthlevelofneedsappeared:
the“lifeenriching”level.Whiletheotherlevelsinvolvephysicalsatisfaction,thatis,thefeeding,comfort,safety,andtransportation,thislevelstressesmentalneedsforrecognition,achievement,andhappiness.Itincludesavarietyofgoodsandservices,manyofwhichcouldbecalled“luxury”items.Amongthemarevacationtrips,thebestmedicalanddentalcare,andrecreation.Alsoincludedherearefancygoodsandthelateststylesinclothing.
Onthefourthlevel,alotofmoneyisspentonservices,whileonthefirstthreelevelsmoreisspentongoods.Willconsumersraisetheirsightstoafifthlevelofneedsastheirincomeincreases,orwilltheycontinuetodemandluxuriesandpersonalservicesonthefourthlevel?
Afifthlevelwouldprobablyinvolveneedsthatcanbeachievedbestbycommunityaction.Consumersmaybespendingmoreontaxestopayforgovernmentactionagainstdisease,ignorance,crim,andprejudice.Afterfillingourstomachs,ourclothesclosets,ourgarages,ourteeth,andourminds,wenowmayseektoensurethehealth,safety,andleisuretoenjoymorefullythegoodthingsonthefirstfourlevels.
1.Accordingtothepassage,manwillbegintothinkaboutsuchneedsashousingandclothingonlywhen______.
A.hehassavedupenoughmoney
B.hehasgrowndissatisfiedwithhissimpleshelter
C.hehassatisfiedhishunger
D.hehaslearnedtobuildhouses
2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbytheendofWorldWarⅡ,mostAmericans______.
A.wereveryrich
B.livedinpoverty
C.hadthegoodthingsonthefirstthreelevels
D.didnotownautomobiles
3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTrelatedto“physicalsatisfaction”?
A.Asuccessfulcareer.B.Acomfortablehome.
C.Agoodmeal.D.Afamilycar.
4.Whatisthemainconcernofmanonthefourthlevel?
A.Themoregoodsthebetter.
B.Themorementalsatisfactionthebetter.
C.Themore“luxury”itemsthebetter.
D.Themoreearningsthebetter.
5.Theauthortendstothinkthatthefifthlevel______.
A.wouldbelittlebetterthanthefourthlevel
B.maybealotmoredesirablethanthefirstfour
C.canbethelastandmostsatisfyinglevel
D.willbecomeattainablebeforethegovernmenttakesactions
Passage2
Inthesamewaythatachildmustbeabletomovehisarmsandlegsbeforehecanlearntowalk,thechildmustphysiologicallybecapableofproducingandexperiencingparticularemotionsbeforetheseemotionscanbemodifiedthroughlearning.Psychologistshavefoundthattherearetwobasicprocessesbywhichlearningtakesplace.Onekindoflearningiscalled“classicalconditioning”.Thisoccurswhenoneeventorstimulusisconsistentlypairedwithorfollowedby,arewardorpunishment.Itisthroughclassicalconditioningthatachildlearnstoassociateshismother’sfaceandvoicewithhappinessandlove,forhelearnsthatthispersonprovidesfoodandcomfort.Negativeemotionsarelearnedinasimilarfashion.
Thesecondkindoflearningiscalled“operantconditioning”.Thisoccurswhenanindividuallearnstodothingsthatproducerewardsinhisenvironmentandlearnsnottodothingsthatproducepunishments.Forexample,ifamotheralwaysattendstoherbabywhenhecriesandcuddleshimuntilheisquiet,shemayteachhimthatifhecrieshewillgetattentionfrommother.Thus,thebabywilllearntoincreasehiscryinginordertohavehismothermore.
Everyday,wegrowandhavenewexperiences.Weconstantlylearnbyreading,watchingtelevision,interactingwithotherpeople,andsoforth.Thislearningaffectsouremotions.Whyisitthatwelearntolikesomepeopleanddislikeothers?
Ifapersonisnicetous,caresaboutus,welearntoassociatethispersonwithpositivefeelings,suchasjoy,happiness,andfriendliness.Ontheotherhand,ifapersonismeantous,doesnotcareaboutus,andevendeliberatelydoesthingstoharmus,welearntoassociatethispersonwithnegativefeelings,suchasunhappiness,discomfort,andanger.
6.Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto______.
A.teachchildrenhowtolearntoproduceandexperiencecertainemotions
B.givethegeneralreaderanaccountoftwobasickindsoflearning
C.giveparentssomeadviceonhowtomodifytheirchildren’semotionsthroughlearning
D.discusswithpsychologistshowpositiveandnegativefeelingsareproduced
7.Ifyourjokesoftenfindareadyechoinaperson,youwilllearnthrough______thattellingjokestothispersonisfun,andyouwilltrywithgreatereffortstobehumorousinhispresence.
A.classicalconditioningB.neitherofthem
C.operantconditioningD.someothersortsofconditioning
8.Ifachildisbittenorstartledseveraltimesbyadog,hemaylearntoassociatefurryanimalswithpainorstartleandthusdevelopafearoffurryanimals.Thisisatypicalexampleoflearningthrough______.
A.classicalconditioningB.bothofthem
C.operantconditioningD.neitherofthem
9.Inthethirdparagraph,theauthoris______.
A.discussinghowwegrowandhavenewexperienceseveryday
B.talkingaboutlearningtomodifyemotionsthroughoperantconditioning
C.concentratingonlearningbyreading,watchingtelevision,interactingwithpeople,andsoon
D.usingexamplestofurtherillustratelearningthroughclassicalconditioning
10.Inthefollowingparagraphstheauthorwillmostprobablygoontodiscuss______.
A.definitionsofpositivefeelingsandnegativefeelings
B.thethirdkindoflearning
C.furtherexamplesoflearningthroughoperantconditioning
D.noneoftheabove
Passage3
Katherinewalkedintoanewspaperoffice,anddemandedtoseetheeditor.Fortunately,theeditorwaspassingtheinquiryofficewhensheaskedforhim.Seeingshewasagirlofschoolage,hethoughtitmightofferhimanamusingfiveminutesbetweeninterviews.
Katherinewasveryrudetohimwhenhetoldhertheydidn’tacceptschoolgirls.ShesaidshewassurprisedthattheeditorofagreatLondonnewspaperdidnotknowhowtobehavelikeagentleman.Theeditorsatbackinhischairandlaughedheartily.Hehadneverbeenspokentolikethatinhislife.Heratherlikeditforitsnovelty.Aftersomefurtherconversation,inwhichKatherineattemptedtopersuadehimthatshecoulddoanythinghewanted,fromwritingaleadingarticletoaserialstory,shesaid:
“Iamnotgoingtoleavethisroomuntilyouputmeonthestaff!
”
Thentheeditorhadtospeaktoherratherseriously,andtoldherwhatagreatLondonnewspapermeanttoagirlandhowutterlyignorantshewasofeverythingthatwouldmakeherusefulasajournalist.UponthisKatherineburstintotears,andtheeditor,whohaddismissedmanymeninthecourseofhiscareer,walkedupanddowntheroomwonderingwhathecoulddoforthisextraordinaryyounggirlwhosetearfuleyesweresofullofdisappointment.
“Lookhere,”hesaid,“ifyoucometomeintwoyears’time,withaknowledgeofshorthand,andifyoupromisenottoshedtearsonmyblottingpaper,Iwillgiveyousomethingtodo.”
“Really?
Ifyoudon’tmind,I’llhaveitinblackandwhite,”saidthegirl.
Theeditorwasstartled.Hebegantothinkthatthisyounggirlwasnotsoyoungasshelooked.Hedraftedoutanagreementforheronthelineslaiddownwithagreatdealofsolemnity(严肃)whichhefoundquiteamusing,forhewasconfidentthattheyounggirlmightquiteaswellchangehermindorwouldbeengagedtoaniceboylongbeforetheagreementtookeffect.
11.Therealreasonwhytheeditordecidedtointerviewthegirlwasthathe______.
A.heardheraskingforhimB.wasnotverybusy
C.thoughtitwouldamusehimD.likedtoworkwithyounggirls
12.“Heratherlikeditforitsnovelty”meanshelikeditbecauseitwas______.
A.unusualB.pleasantC.courageousD.friendly
13.Theeditorwalkedupanddowntheroom,becausehewas______.
A.ratherangrywithher
B.afraidotherpeoplewouldhearhercrying
C.notsurewhetherheshoulddismissherornot
D.tryingtomakeadecision
14.Astheirconversationcontinued,theeditor______.
A.changedhisopinionofthegirlB.grewtiredofher
C.becameannoyedD.thoughtshewastoouneducated
15.Whentheeditordraftedouttheagreementforthegirl,he______.
A.hopedthatthiswouldpleasethegirl
B.wishedthatitwouldtakeeffectsoon
C.adoptedaratherseriousattitude
D.didn’tmeanwhathewrote
Passage4
Likefinefood,goodwritingissomethingweapproachwithpleasureandenjoyfromthefirsttastetothelast.Andgoodwriters,likegoodcooks,donotsuddenlyappearfullblown.Quitethecontrary,justasthecookhastoundergoanintensivetrainin
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