科技论文具有通常所说的创新性Word文件下载.docx
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科技论文具有通常所说的创新性Word文件下载.docx
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2)torepeatexperiments,
3)toevaluateintellectualprocess
•Organizationofascientificpaper
•Scientificpapershavestandardformat
•Organizedtomeettheneedsofvalidpublication,withdistinctiveandclearlyevidentcomponentparts.
•Themostcommonlabelingofthecomponentparts,inthebasicsciences,isIntroduction,Methods,Results,andDiscussion(hence,theacronymIMRAD)
•Alsohasthefollowingelements:
Title,Abstract(orsometimesafinalsummaryinstead),ReferencesandAcknowledgement.
•Thetitle
•Thetitleofascientificpapershouldtellthereaderwhatkindofworkisbeingreported.
•Thelengthoftitle
•Titlesaretooshort
“StudiesonMycobacteriumtuberculosis”
suchatitlewasnotveryhelpfultothepotentialreader.
•Titlesaretoolong
“Ontheadditiontothemethodofmicroscopicresearchbyanewwayofproducingcolor-contrastbetweenanobjectanditsbackgroundorbetweendefinitepartsoftheobjectitself”
lessmeaningfulthanshortones.Itsoundslikeapoortitle,perhapsitwouldmakeagoodabstract.
•Needforspecifictitle
•“ActionofantibioticsonBacteria”
•Abstract
•Anabstractshouldbeviewedasaminiatureversionofthepaper.
•Provideabriefsummaryofeachofthemainsectionsofthepaper:
IMRAD
•Abstractenablesreaderstoidentifythebasiccontentofadocumentquicklyandaccurately,todetermineitsrelevancetotheirinterestsandthustodecidewhethertheyneedtoreadthepaperinitsentirely.
•Abstractshouldnotexceedthelengthspecifiedbythejournal(commonly250words)
•Theabstractshould:
1)statetheprincipalobjectivesandthescopeoftheinvestigation
2)describethemethodsemployed
3)summarizetheresults
4)statetheprincipalconclusions
•Introduction
•Introductionshouldsupplysufficientbackgroundinformationtoallowthereadertounderstandandevaluatetheresultsofthepresentstudywithoutneedingtorefertopreviouspublicationsonthetopic.
•Theintroductionshouldalsostatebrieflyandclearlyyourpurposeinwritingthepaper.
•Choosereferencescarefullytoprovidethemostimportantbackgroundinformation
•Whydidyouchoosethatsubject,andwhyisitimportant?
•Besides,introductionistheproperplacetodefineanyspecializedtermsorabbreviationsthatyouintendtouse
•Materialsandmethods
•Givethefulldetailsofthemethodologyemployedinthestudy
•Writteninthepasttense
•Themainpurposeofthissectionistodescribetheexperimentaldesignandthenprovideenoughdetailsothatacompetentworkercanrepeattheexperiments
•Alsoprovideinformationthatletreadersjudgetheappropriatenessofthemethods
•Manypeersmayskipthissection,becausetheyalreadyknowthegeneralmethods
•Listpertinent(related)chemicalandphysicalpropertiesofthereagentsused
•Experimentsanimals,plants,cells,otherregentsandthesourceofthemshouldbelistedanddescribed
•Informedconsent
•Needforreference:
ifthemethodisnew(unpublished),youmustprovideallofthedetail.If,however,themethodhasbeenpublishinajournal,theliteraturereferenceshouldbegiven,andyoucanstatelikethat:
“cellswerebrokenbyultrasonictreatmentaspreviousdescribed”
•Results
•Theresultsofeachexperimentshouldbepresentedclearly,withoutcomment,bias,orinterpretation
•Resultsconstitutethenewknowledgethatyouarecontributingtotheworld,theearlierpartsofthepaperaredesignedtotellwhyandhowyougottheResults,thelatterpartsofthepaperisdesignedtotellwhattheymean.Therefore,thewholepapermuststandorfallonthebasisoftheresults.Thus,theresultsmustbepresentedwithcrystalclarity.
•Howdoyoupresentthedata?
•Discussion
•Inthissection,youevaluatethemeaningofyourresultsinthetermsoftheoriginalquestionorhypothesisandpointouttheirbiologicalsignificance.
•Iftheresultsareunexpectedorcontradictory,youshouldattempttoexplainwhyandpossiblypointoutavenuesoffurtherresearch.
•Relatedliteraturesshouldbecitedinthissectionforfurthersupportorpurposesofcomparison
•WhataretheessentialfeaturesofagoodDiscussion?
•Trytopresenttheprinciples,relationships,andgeneralizationsshownbytheResults.
•Pointoutanyexceptionsoranylackofcorrelationanddefineunsettledpoints.
•Showhowyourresultsandinterpretationsagreewithpreviouslypublishedworks
•Discussthetheoreticalimplicationsofyourwork,aswellasanypossiblepracticalapplications
•Stateyourconclusionsasclearlyaspossible
•Summarizedyourevidenceforeachconclusion.
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