YoungGoodmanBrown分析NathanielHawthorneWord格式文档下载.docx
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YoungGoodmanBrown分析NathanielHawthorneWord格式文档下载.docx
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sjourneyintoself-scrutinywhichresultsinhislossoffaith.
Plotsummary
ThestorybeginsatsunsetinSalem,Massachusetts,asyoungGoodmanBrownleavesFaith,hiswifeofthreemonths,foranunknownerrandintheforest.Faithpleadswithherhusbandtostaywithherbutheinsiststhejourneyintotheforestmustbecompletedthatnight.Intheforesthemeetsaman,dressedinasimilarmannertohimselfandbearingaresemblancetohimself.Themancarriesablackserpent-shapedstaff.ThetwoencounterMistressCloyseinthewoodswhocomplainsabouttheneedtowalkand,evidentlyfriendlywiththestranger,acceptshissnakestaffandfliesawaytoherdestination.
Othertownspeopleinhabitthewoodsthatnight,travelinginthesamedirectionasGoodmanBrown.Whenhehearshiswife'
svoiceinthetrees,hecallsouttohisFaith,butisnotanswered.Hethenseemstoflythroughtheforest,usingamaplestaffthestrangerfashionedforhim,arrivingataclearingatmidnighttofindallthetownspeopleassembled.Attheceremony(whichmaybea
wasgloom
Background
ThestoryissetduringtheSalemwitchtrials,atwhichHawthorne'
sgreat-great-grandfatherJohnHathornewasajudge.AccordingtoAmericanliteraturescholarJamesMellow,Hawthornewasplaguedbyguiltbyhisancestor'
srole,wrotethestorytovindicatehisgrandfatherbyfeaturingtwofictionalvictimsofthewitchtrialswhowerewitchesandnotinnocentvictimsofthewitch-hunt.[1]ItwasalsothisancestralguiltthatinspiredHawthornetochangehisfamily'
sname,addinga"
w"
inhisearlytwenties,shortlyaftergraduatingfromcollege.[2]
InhiswritingsHawthornequestionedestablishedthought—mostspecificallyNewEnglandPuritanismandcontemporaryTranscendentalism.In"
aswithmuchofhisotherwriting,heexposesambiguity.[3]Theplotandtextualreferencesin"
revealthePuritansasbeinglike"
acityuponahill"
asJohnWinthrop,afounderofPuritanism,said,andwantingtobeseenthatwayasgood,holymen.However,theirdoctrineteachesthatallmenareinherentlyevilandtheystrivetocauseeachpersontocometotermswiththisandrealizetheirsinfulnature.ThishypocrisythatHawthornepresentsinhisstoryishowhereflectsonthehypocriticalteachingsofthePuritans.TheytaughtthatmanwasinherentlyevilinnaturemuchinaccordancetoEnlightenmentphilosopherThomasHobbes.
Analysis
Themesandstyle
isoftencharacterizedasanallegoryabouttherecognitionofevilanddepravityasthenatureofhumanity.[4]MuchofHawthorne'
sfiction,suchasTheScarletLetter,issetin17th-centurycolonialAmerica,particularlySalem,Massachusetts.[5]Inordertoconveythesettinginhiswork,heusedliterarytechniquessuchasspecificdiction,orcolloquialexpressions,asin"
inwhichlanguageoftheperiodisusedtoenhancethesetting.Hawthornegivesthecharacters,specificnamesthatdepictabstractpure&
wholesomebeliefssuchas;
YoungGoodmanBrown,andFaith.Thecharactersnames'
ultimatelyserveasaparadoxintheconclusionofthestory.Theinclusionofthistechniquewastoprovideadefinitecontrastandirony.HawthorneaimstocritiquetheidealsofPuritansocietyandexpresshisdisdainforitthusillustratingthedifferencebetweentheappearanceofthoseinsocietyandtheirtrueidentities.[6]
LiteraryscholarWalterShearwritesthatHawthornestructuredthestoryinthreeparts.ThefirstpartshowsGoodmanBrownathishomeinhisvillageintegratedinhissociety.ThesecondpartofthestoryisanextendeddreamlikesequenceinwhichGoodmanBrownisintheforestforasinglenight.Thethirdpartshowshisreturntosocietyandtohishome,yetheissoprofoundlychangedthatinrejectingthegreetingofhiswifeFaith,HawthorneshowsGoodmanBrownhaslostfaithandrejectedthetenetsofhisPuritanworldduringthecourseofthenight.[7]
ThestoryisaboutGoodmanBrown'
slossoffaithasoneoftheelect,writesJaneEberweinin"
MyFaithisGone!
.Believinghimselftobeoftheelect,GoodmanBrownfallsintoself-doubtafterthreemonthsofmarriagewhichtohimrepresentssinanddepravityasopposedtosalvation.HisjourneytotheforestissymbolicofChristian"
self-exploration"
inwhichdoubtimmediatelysupplantsfaith.AttheendoftheforestexperienceheloseshiswifeFaith,hisfaithinsalvation,andhisfaithinhumangoodness.[
Characteranalysis
ThecharacterofGoodmanBrownrepresentsthatofthecommoneverydayman.Hisjourneythroughtheforestcomparestothejourneyeveryindividualtakestorealizetheirfaithandrecognizeevil.Hischaractershowsbothinnocenceandcorruptibilitythroughthechangeofhisbelieffromthepuregoodnessofhumannaturetotherecognitionofthepotentialevilwithinallmankind.AtthebeginningofthestoryGoodmanBrownbelievesinthegoodnessofhisfatherandgrandfather,aswellastheChristiannatureofGoodyCloyse,theministerandDeaconGooking.Asheprogressesthroughhisjourneyhelearnsthateachofthesefiguresareassociatedwithoracquaintancesoftheoldman,likelyrepresentingthedevilhimself.GoodmanBrownslackoftruereligionhoweverwasn’trevealeduntilthedevilindicatesattheceremonythatFaith,too,iscorruptible.
Faithashernamesuggests,servesasanothersymbolicideaandappearstobethemostpure-heartedcharacterinthestory.Herrighteousnessservesasasymbolforgood,purity,andthefaithanddevotionGoodmanBrownhasinGod.TheirnewlywedstatusservesasasymbolforhereadertorealizehisrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablishedwithfaithorGod.Whenquestioningthegoodnessofpeople,GoodmanBrownclingstoFaithasjustificationtoresisttemptation.
Hawthorneportraysthedevilasanordinarymantosuggestthateveryman(GoodmanBrown)hasthecapacityforevil.Throughhisphysicalcharacteristics,itisinterpretedthatthismanisnodifferentfromanyothermaninSalemVillage.Thissuggeststhatthedevilissimplycreatedasanembodimentofalltheworstpartsofman.GoodyCloysewasthenameofanactualwomanwhowastriedandconvictedofwitchcraftduringthehistoricalSalemWitchTrialsof1692.HawthorneusesherasacitizenofSalemwhoteachesthebibletotheyouth.Althoughseeminglyreligiousandpure,shesecretlyattendswitchmagicceremoniesintheforest.TheMinisterisarespectablefigureastheministerofSalem,whoissoonindicatedasafollowerofthedevil.DeaconGookingisanothercharacterwhoisthoughttobeveryhonorableandreligious.AlthoughheisamemberoftheclergyinSalem,heappearstobeafollowerofthedevil.
[]Symbols
TheDevilsstaffisusedtorepresenttemptationasshowninthebookofGenesis.ThebiblicalserpenttempedEvetodefyGodandeatthefruitfromtheforbiddentree.Similarly,Hawthorneusedheserpentontheoldmansstaffasasymbolofanevildemon.LikeEve,Browniscondemnedbyhistemptationwhenhechosetopickupthestaffforafastertravel.Thisultimatelyrepresentshislossofinnocencetowardstemptationandcuriosity.
Faithspinkribbonisusedthroughoutthestoryasasymbolofinnocenceandpurity.Earlyon,HawthornementionstheribbonseveraltimesduringGoodmanBrownandFaith’sconversation.Thisimpliedahappy,youthfulambianceofFaithandtheirnewlyfoundmarriage.WhenBrownwashidingintheforestandbegantodoubtthegoodnessofthepurepeopleheknew,theribboncameflutteringdown.Thissuggestthattheonepureandholythingtohim,faith,hadfallenintothedevilsrealm.WhenreunitedwithFaithattheendofthestory,Brownnoticesthatshewasagainwearingthepinkribbon.ThuscastingdoubtsonGoodmanBrownaboutwhetherornothisexperiencewasreal.
Criticalresponseandimpact
HermanMelvillesaid"
was"
asdeepasDante"
andHenryJamescalledita"
magnificentlittleromance"
.[9]Hawthornehimselfbelievedthestorymadenomoreimpactthananyofhistales.Yearslaterhewrote,"
Thesestorieswerepublished...inMagazinesandAnnuals,extendingoveraperiodoftenortwelveyears,andcomprisingthewholeofthewriter'
syoungmanhood,withoutmaking(sofarashehaseverbeenaware)theslightestimpressiononthepublic."
[10]ContemporarycriticEdgarAllanPoedisagreed,referringtoHawthorne'
sshortstoriesas"
theproductsofatrulyimaginativeintellect"
.[11]OneofHawthorne'
sgoodfriends,HermanMelvillecommentsontheunderlyingdepthofthestory"
youwouldofcoursesupposethatitwasasimplelittletale,intendedasasupplementto'
GoodyTwoShoes'
WhereasitisasdeepasDante."
1[12]ModernsscholarsandcritiquesgenerallyviewtheshortstoryasanallegoricaltalewrittentoexposethecontradictionsinplaceconcerningPuritanbeliefsandsocieties.However,therehavebeenmanyotherinterpretationsofthetextincludingthosewhobelieveHawthornesympathizeswithPuritanbeliefs.AuthorHaroldBloomcommentsonthevarietyofexplanations;
"
YoungGoodmanBrownhasbeenpresentedasanallegoricalrevelationofhumandepravity,asasymbolicstudyofsexualinitiation,asani
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