第九章主从复合句文档格式.docx
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第九章主从复合句文档格式.docx
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fewseconds.
答案:
D
应改为:
lasts
解释:
last是定语从句中的谓语,需要与先行词,即从句的逻辑主语一致,asupply是单数,所以last要加s.
(2)
Resinisasubstancethat----inwater.
(A)doesnotdissolve
(B)donotdissolve
(C)notdissolving
(D)notdissolved
A
此句主句是系表结构,表语substance由that引导的定语从句修饰,空格处需要从句的谓语,C和D都是分词,无法独立作谓语,首先排除;
substance是单数,依据从句主谓一致原则,动词也应是单数,故A正确
考点二关系代词
大部分定语从句都由关系代词引导,主要的关系代词包括:
that,who,which,whom,whose,
其中可以代替人(指先行词)的是:
that,who,whom;
代替物的是that,which;
whose之前既可接人又可接物,但必须和名词搭配使用。
关系代词在从句中必须承担语法成分,可作从句的主语或宾语:
作主语的关系代词是:
that,who,which,whose,它们在从句中不可省略;
作宾语的是:
that,whom,which,它们在从句中可省略
在作主语的关系代词中whose是唯一可和另一名词连用的
作从句主语的句子,如:
She'
sgotaparrotthat/whichcanspeak“hello”.
He'
themanwho/thattakeschargeofthisdepartment.
Haveyounoticedtheladywhosehairhasgonegrey?
作从句宾语的句子,如:
Isshetheone(whom/that)you'
relookingfor?
(for之后不要加her)
Showmethebook(that/which)youreadjustnow.(read之后不要加it)
JackieMcLean'
srecordingshaveshownthatheisoneofthefewjazzmusicians
whostyleofplayinghaskeptpacewiththeevolutionofmodernjazz.
BCD
B
whose.
who引导定语从句时,不能同时修饰名词,需改成whose
Ahologramisapatternusuallymadeonfilminthatcancreateathree-dimensional
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ABC
imageofascene.
filmthat
定语从句中缺少主语,应该用关系代词that单独引导
(3)
Hurricanesareseverecycloneswithwindsoverseventy-fivemilesanhourwho
originateovertropicaloceanwaters.
C
which
用于代替人的关系代词who不能指代winds,应改为which
考点三介词前置于关系代词
当关系代词作句中介词的宾语时,介词可以前置于关系代词,此时关系代词不能省略,而且只能用which或whom.
如:
Thisistheroadbywhichwecame.
Thatisthemanaboutwhomwehaveheardsomuch.
先行词为theway的定语从句中inwhich习惯上可以省略
Thisistheway(inwhich)Imaketheproblemout.
Andidealisastandard----peoplejudgephenomena.
(A)how
(B)of
(C)bywhich
(D)forit
空格前后都是主谓结构,可知需填入从句引导词,B,D可先排除;
依句意应构成定语从句,故选C
(2)
InreorganizingthecurriculumofMt.HolyokeCollegeinthelate1800'
sElizabethMeadlaidthefoundation----themoderncollegerests.
(A)iswhich
(B)onwhich
(C)whichison
(D)onit
空格前后都有主谓结构,显然空格处需要从句引导词,A、D可先排除,从句已有主语college,C也肯定不对,只有B是正确的定语从句,其中词组reston中的介词前置于关系代词which
考点四关系副词
定语从句还可以由关系副词when,where或why引导,关系副词在从句中作时间、地点或原因状语
Haveyoueverbeentothehousewhereheusedtolive?
(where=inwhich)
Icouldhardlyforgetthedaywhenmyunclepassedaway.(when=onwhich)
TellmethereasonwhyIamfired.(why=forwhich)
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Thekneeisthejoint----thethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.
(A)when
(B)where
(C)why
(D)which
空白处前后都包含主谓结构,句意上后句是对前句joint一词的解释,可推知需要填入定语从句引导词,又因从句中主谓宾语俱全,可知缺少的是表地点的关系副词,那末A、C、D均可排除
Membersofanation'
sforeignservicerepresentthatcountry'
sinterestsabroadand
AB
reportontheconditions,trends,andpoliciesofthecountrywhichtheyarestationed.
CD
countrywherethey
关系代词which未在从句中作任何成分,不符合语法,依句意应改为表地点的关系副词
考点五定语从句类别
定语从句可分为限定性和非限定性两种,其主要区别为:
1.非限定性定语从句中,引导词和先行词之间需用逗号隔开。
2.非限定性定语从句中,引导词一般不用that,
在修饰人时用who,whom,whose
Hehadthreechildren,allofwhomhadgraduatedfromcollege.
在修饰物时用which
3.限定性定语从句是句子不可或缺的部分,去掉会造成句意不清;
而非限定性定语从句只是补充说明的作用,有无对句意影响不大,翻译时常译作独立的句子,而不是定语
对比下列句子:
Herefusedtorevealthemanwhohadbeatenhimblackandblue.(man是特定的)
InolongerliveinBeijing,whereairpollutiondidgreatharmtomyhealth.
(Beijing是众所周知的,无需限定,若限定则意味着世界上有不止一个北京)
TOEFL考的基本都是限定性定语从句
第二节宾语从句
在主句中作宾语的就是宾语从句,并不是所有的动词都能接宾语从句,应满足的先决条件是及物动词。
宾语从句可分为三类:
一、that引导的宾语从句
that引导的宾语从句最为普遍,从句应是完整的主谓结构,且that有时可以省略,
Shetoldme(that)shehadboughtagiftforme.
Ihopethatitwillbecoolertomorrow.
常接此类宾语从句的动词有:
say,think,hope,tell,see,deny,demand,suggest,propose,declare,feel,intend,insist,believe,agree,admit,expect,explain,imagine,know,report,doubt等
Idoubtthathehastheabilitytodothis.
二、what,where,when,which,who,why,
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how等词引导的宾语从句
宾语从句还可由上述类似特殊疑问词的引导词引出,此时引导词作从句的主语、宾语、或状语,不可以省略
Ican'
tunderstandwhyyoufeelsobitterabouthermanners.
Couldyouexplainwhathascausedthedelay?
Iwonderhowyoumanagedtoescape.
Justtellmewhichoneyouprefer.
此类从句的形式颇像问句,但需注意应用陈述句语序,不可倒装
可接此类从句的动词有:
ask,say,tell,know,wonder,understand,inform,advise,decide,find,answer,suggest,show,discuss,discover等
三、whether/if引导的宾语从句
whether/if引导的从句,表示“是否….”,whether/if虽不在从句中担当成分,但因有实际意思,不
可省略,之后的从句必须是完整的主谓结构
Iwonderif/whetheryouareinterestedinhispaintings.
tdecidewhetherIshouldgoornot.(此时不能用if)
注:
有些be+形容词的句式结构类似于宾语从句,可归入此类,如:
Iamsurethathewillcomebeforelong.
I'
mafraid(that)youarenotallowedtoenterwithoutapass.
Almostalleconomistsagree----bytradingwithoneanother.
(A)nationsthataregained
(B)nationstheygain
(C)gainingnations
(D)thatnationsgain
谓语动词agree的宾语不完整,因agree一词不能直接与名词词组搭配,但可接that引导的从句,故D以外的选项均可排除
TodayitisgenerallyrecognizedastheprimaryfunctionoftheFederalReserve
Systemistofostertheflowofcreditandmoneythatwilleventuallyfacilitatea
balanceininternationalpayments.
that.
介词as无法连接两个主谓句,应用关系连词连接,构成宾语从句
Abiologistdoesnotmerelydescribeorganisms,buttriestolearn----actastheydo.
(A)whatcausesthemto
(B)causesthemtowhat
(C)whattocausethem
(D)whatcausetothem
空格处需要的是动词learn的宾语,B是谓语形式可先排除;
因不符合固定词组causesomebodytodo,C和D均可排除;
A是what引导的宾语从句,符合题意
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第三节状语从句
状语从句是从句中的一大类,在考题中更是频繁出现,它的主要功能是作主句的状语,由完整的主谓句
构成。
状语从句和主句在语法上关系并不紧密,但在逻辑上是不可分割的
考点一分类及主要引导词
1.时间状语从句
主要引导词:
when,whenever,before,after,until,while,since,once,solongas,assoonas,themoment,everytime,as,nexttime
IwillcallyouafterIgettothecompany.
Idon'
tcallheruntilIgettothecompany.
EverytimeIfeellonely,shecomestotalktome.
2.地点状语从句
where,wherever
Whereveryougo,Iwillberightherewaitingforyou.
3.原因状语从句
because,as,since,consideringthat,nowthat,notthat,seeingthat
inthat是书面语中原因状语从句的引导词,相当于because,在填空题中曾经出现
Nowthatitisraining,we'
dbettercancalthemeeting.
4.目的状语从句
sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat,incase,lest
5.结果状语从句
so…that,sothat,such…that
so…that句式和too…to句式的区别是重要考点之一,so…that接从句;
too…to接不定式
Theoldladyissogenerousthatalotofpeopleadmireher.
Sheistooyoungtoresistit.
6.条件状语从句
if,unless,incase,solongas,oncondition(that),provided(that)
7.让步状语从句
though,although,nomatter,evenif,eventhough,however,whatever
注意though,although等都不能够与but连用
Anthropologyisascience----anthropologistsusearigoroussetofmethodsandtechniquestodocumentobservationsthatcanbecheckedbyothers.
(A)inthat
(B)thatin
(C)that
(D)in
空白处前后均是完整的主谓句,意思上后者是对前者的解释说明,推知需填入从句引导词,inthat是一特殊的状语从句引导词,表示原因,与此句意思吻合
Gorillasarequietanimals,----theyareabletomakeabouttwentydifferentsounds.
55
(B)inspiteof
(C)becauseof
(D)eventhough
空白前后都是完整的主谓句,需填的一定是连词,可首先排除BC,A引导的宾语从句不能接在表语后,只有D正确,构成状语从句
Pureflintistoohardandeven-grainedthatitchipsinsmoothcurvedflakes.
so.
so...that是固定句式,表示如此……以至于
考点二状语从句中的省略
部分状语从句可以省略,在填空题中时有出现
Althoughdefeated,hedidnotloseheart.(从句中省略了hewas)
Ifinformedtimely,Iwouldn'
thavemissedthemeeting.(从句中省略了Iwere)
----relativelycostly,thedieselengineishighlyefficientandneedsservicinginfrequently
(A)Even
(B)Itis
(C)Eventhough
(D)Thereis
逗号后是完整的句子,缺少的可能是从句或状语的一部分,B、D是主谓结构,肯定不对;
A是副词,为甚至之意,放在原句中讲不通;
C是尽管的意思,实际上省略了状语从句的主谓语itis,符合题意.还需注意的是costly是形容词而不是副词
Although----rigid,bonesexhibitadegreeofelasticitythatenablestheskeletontowithstandconsiderableimpact.
(A)apparently
(B)areapparently
(C)apparentlytheir
(D)aretheyapparently
although是让步状语从句引导词,空格处需要从句的主谓语,B缺少主语,D不应倒装,可先排除;
their不能修饰形容词rigid,B也可排除;
A是从句的省略式,相当于Althoughtheyareapparentlyrigid第四节同位语从句
句子的同位语多由名词短语充当,但少数词之后可接由that引导的从句作同位语,此时需和定语从句相区别,同位语从句中that不在从句中承担成分,而且不可省略
Iwasdisillusionedbythefactthathehaddesertedusforever.
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Theideathatmanisinferiortoanimalsisquiteunacceptable.
可接同位语从句的名词有:
fact,reason,idea,news,hope,doubt,belief,proof等
Astronomydevelopedfromtheobservation----throughregularcyclesofmotion.
(A)goingtoheavenlybodies
(B)theheavenlybodiesgoing
(C)heavenlybodiesthatgo
(D)thattheheavenlybodiesgo
空格前是句子的主谓语,之后是介词短语,选项中只有D可将前后两部分连接起来,构成observation的同位语从句
Alchemistshadtheideawhichbyapplyingche
micalvaporstobasemetalsthey
couldcreategold.
从句表达的
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