supplementary info Iintro+and+greetingsWord文件下载.docx
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supplementary info Iintro+and+greetingsWord文件下载.docx
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3)Alessimportantpersonisalwaysintroducedtoamoreimportantpersonwhethermaleorfemale.
Respondingmanners:
1)Standup
2)Smile
3)Shakehands
4)Repeatnames
5)Sayfarewell
1.2MakingGreetings
Propergreetingscanmakeyouappearpoliteandsociableininterculturalbusinesscommunication.Formalverbalgreetingsareusuallyusedinbusinesssituations.E.g.AfricansarefarlessstructuredintheirgreetingsthanEuropeans.Awarmphysicalgreeting,anextendedhandshakeorapatontheshoulder,andtobeaskedabouthowyourtripwasorhowyourfamilyisdoingaswellcanbeexpectedinmostAfricancultures.
Nonverbalgreetingscanbeseenincommunication.Itincludesshakinghands,kissingandbowing.Kissesexchangedinthecontextofbusinessmeetingsthataresocialinnature,suchasbanquetsandconventions,maybeacceptable.Thoseexchangedinpurebusinesssettingssuchasconferenceroomsorofficesshouldbereplacedwithhandshakes.Inbusinesssituations,theBritishexchangeprintedcardsasamatterofcourtesy.Andtheybelievethatneutraltopicsofopeningconversationaremoreacceptablethanexchangingpersonalinformationandtheywilltrytoavoidreligionandpolitics.
2.HandshakingandExchangingBusinessCards
Shakinghandsisanexpressionofmutualtrustandrespect,anditisawaytosendgreetingsinbusinesssituations.Inbusinesssituations,weshouldknowwhentoshakehands.Yourbusinesscardisareflectionofyourbusinessroleinyourcompany.Ifpresentingittoseveralforeigncontactsatonce,giveyourcardtothehighest-rankingindividualortheheadofthemfirst.
2.1ShakingHands
Thegoodtimetoshakehandswillbe:
•Whenyouareintroducedtoothersandwhenyousaygoodbyetoothers.
•Whenthevisitorcomesintoyourroomoroffice.
•Whenyougotomeetyourclient.
•Whenyougotoattendthereceptionsorpartiesandwhenyoutakeleave.
2.2ExchangingBusinessCards
PresentingacardwithtwohandsconveysrespectandanappreciationoftheimportanceoftheritualinmostAsiancultures.Itisbesttoholdthecardbythetwouppercornersandreceiveitwithbothhands.Onceyouhaveitinhand,taketimetoreadit,notmerelyaglancebutadeliberatestudy.
BusinessCardEtiquetteinJapan:
Makesureyourbusinesscardincludesyourtitle.TheJapaneseplaceemphasisonstatusandhierarchy.
BusinessCardEtiquetteinNorthAmericaandtheUK:
Businesscardetiquetteisquiteloose.Itisnotuncommonforbusinessmentocarrycardslooseintheirpocketsortomakenotesonthecard’sbackorotherblanksurfaces.
BusinessCardEtiquetteinKorea:
whenyoureceiveabusinesscard,nodyourheadandthankfortheopportunitytomeetwithhim.Itisappropriatetoputthecardawayimmediately.Lookingatthecardtoolongisregardedasignorantandimpolite.
BusinessCardEtiquetteinIndia:
Ifyouhaveauniversitydegreeoranyhonor,putitonyourbusinesscard,alwaysusetherighthandtogiveandreceivethecards,andtheyneednotbetranslatedintoHindiasEnglishiswidelyusedwithinthebusinesscommunity.
Assignments:
Whatis‘CultureShock’?
Andwhatis‘CultureClash’?
Whatarethedifferences?
References:
Cultureshock
isthepersonaldisorientationapersonmayfeelwhenexperiencinganunfamiliarwayoflifeduetoimmigrationoravisittoanewcountry,amovebetweensocialenvironments,orsimplytraveltoanothertypeoflife.
Oneofthemostcommoncausesofcultureshockinvolvesindividualsinaforeignenvironment.Cultureshockcanbedescribedasconsistingofatleastoneoffourdistinctphases:
Honeymoon,Negotiation,Adjustment,andMastery.
Themostcommonproblemsinclude:
informationoverload,
languagebarrier,
generationgap,
technologygap,skillinterdependence,formulationdependency,
homesickness
(cultural),infiniteregress(homesickness),boredom(jobdependency),responseability
(culturalskillset).
Thereisnotruewaytoentirelypreventcultureshock,asindividualsinanysocietyarepersonallyaffectedbyculturalcontrastsdifferently.
TheFourPhases
Honeymoonphase
Duringthisperiod,thedifferencesbetweentheoldandnewcultureareseeninaromanticlight.Forexample,inmovingtoanewcountry,anindividualmightlovethenewfood,thepaceoflife,andthelocals'
habits.Duringthefirstfewweeks,mostpeoplearefascinatedbythenewculture.Theyassociatewithnationalswhospeaktheirlanguage,andwhoarepolitetotheforeigners.Likemost
honeymoon
periods,thisstageeventuallyends.
Negotiationphase
Aftersometime(usuallyaroundthreemonths,dependingontheindividual),differencesbetweentheoldandnewculturebecomeapparentandmaycreate
anxiety.Excitementmayeventuallygivewaytounpleasantfeelingsoffrustrationandangerasonecontinuestoexperienceunfavorableeventsthatmaybeperceivedasstrangeandoffensivetoone'
sculturalattitude.Languagebarriers,starkdifferencesinpublichygiene,trafficsafety,foodaccessibilityandqualitymayheightenthesenseofdisconnectionfromthesurroundings.
Whilebeingtransferredintoadifferentenvironmentputsspecialpressureoncommunicationskills,therearepracticaldifficultiestoovercome,suchas
circadianrhythm
disruptionthatoftenleadsto
insomnia
anddaylightdrowsiness;
adaptationof
gutflora
todifferent
bacteria
levelsandconcentrationsinfoodandwater;
difficultyinseekingtreatmentforillness,asmedicinesmayhavedifferentnamesfromthenativecountry'
sandthesame
activeingredients
mightbehardtorecognize.
Still,themostimportantchangeintheperiodiscommunication:
Peopleadjustingtoanewcultureoftenfeellonely
andhomesickbecausetheyarenotyetusedtothenewenvironmentandmeetpeoplewithwhomtheyarenotfamiliareveryday.Thelanguagebarriermaybecomeamajorobstacleincreatingnewrelationships:
specialattentionmustbepaidtoone'
sandothers'
culture-specific
bodylanguage
signs,linguistic
fauxpas,conversationtone,linguisticnuancesandcustoms,and
falsefriends.
Inthecaseofstudentsstudyingabroad,somedevelopadditionalsymptomsoflonelinessthatultimatelyaffecttheirlifestylesasawhole.Duetothestrainoflivinginadifferentcountrywithoutparentalsupport,internationalstudentsoftenfeelanxiousandfeelmorepressurewhileadjustingtonewcultures—evenmoresowhentheculturaldistancesarewide,aspatternsof
logic
and
speech
aredifferentandaspecialemphasisisputon
rhetoric.
Adjustmentphase
Again,aftersometime(usually6to12months),onegrowsaccustomedtothenewcultureanddevelopsroutines.Oneknowswhattoexpectinmostsituationsandthehostcountrynolongerfeelsallthatnew.Onebecomesconcernedwithbasiclivingagain,andthingsbecomemore"
normal"
.Onestartstodevelopproblem-solvingskillsfordealingwiththecultureandbeginstoaccepttheculture'
swayswitha
positiveattitude.Theculturebeginstomakesense,andnegativereactionsandresponsestotheculturearereduced.
Masteryphase
Inthemasterystageindividualsareabletoparticipatefullyandcomfortablyinthehostculture.Masterydoesnotmeantotalconversion;
peopleoftenkeepmanytraitsfromtheirearlierculture,suchasaccentsandlanguages.Itisoftenreferredtoasthe
bicultural
stage.
Transitionshock
Cultureshockisasubcategoryofamoreuniversalconstructcalledtransitionshock.Transitionshockisastateoflossanddisorientationpredicatedbyachangeinone'
sfamiliarenvironmentwhichrequiresadjustment.Therearemanysymptomsoftransitionshock,somewhichinclude:
∙Excessiveconcernovercleanliness
∙Feelingsofhelplessnessandwithdrawal
∙Irritability
∙Anger
∙Moodswings
∙Glazedstare
∙Desireforhomeandoldfriends
∙Physiologicalstressreactions
∙Homesickness
∙Boredom
∙Withdrawal
∙Getting"
stuck"
ononething
∙Suicidalorfatalisticthoughts
∙Excessivesleep
∙Compulsiveeating/drinking/weightgain
∙Stereotypinghostnationals
∙Hostilitytowardshostnationals
Culturalconflictisatypeofconflictthatoccurswhendifferentculturalvaluesandbeliefsclash.Ithasbeenusedtoexplainviolenceandcrime.
Widerdefinition:
JonathanH.Turnerdefinesitasaconflictcausedby“differencesinculturalvaluesandbeliefsthatplacepeopleatoddswithoneanother.”
FawltyTowers,Hedefinesthisconflictasonethatoccurswhenpeople'
sexpectationsofacertainbehaviorcomingfromtheirculturalbackgroundsarenotmet,asothershavedifferentculturalbackgroundsanddifferentexpectations.
Culturalconflictsaredifficulttoresolveaspartiestotheconflicthavedifferentbeliefs.Culturalconflictsintensifywhenthosedifferencesbecomereflectedinpolitics,particularlyonamacrolevel.Anexampleofculturalconflictisthedebateoverabortion.Ethniccleansingisanotherextremeexampleofculturalconflict.Warscanalsobearesultofaculturalconflict;
forexamplethedifferingviewsonslaverywereoneofthereasonsfortheAmericancivilw
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