精品文档英国文学维多利亚时期文档格式.docx
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精品文档英国文学维多利亚时期文档格式.docx
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1914–1918
1918–1939
1939–1945
1945–present
⏹Briefintro:
TheVictorianPeriodrevolvesaroundthepoliticalcareerofQueenVictoria.Shewascrownedin1837anddiedin1901(whichputadefiniteendtoherpoliticalcareer).Agreatdealofchangetookplaceduringthisperiod--broughtaboutbecauseoftheIndustrialRevolution;
soit'
snotsurprisingthattheliteratureoftheperiodis
oftenconcernedwithsocialreform.AsThomasCarlyle(1795-1881)wrote,"
Thetimeforlevity,insincerity,andidlebabbleandplay-acting,inallkinds,isgoneby;
itisaserious,gravetime."
b)VictoriaPeriod
1)TimeSpan
⏹TheVictorianPeriodrevolvesaroundthepoliticalcareerofQueenVictoria.
⏹AnewerareallybeganwiththepassageofReformBill1832andclosedattheendofBoerWarin1902.
2)Threephases
⏹TheearlyVictorianperiod(1830~48):
多事之秋(ATimeofTroubles)
ItsawtheopeningofBritain’sfirstrailwayanditsfirstReformParliament,butitwasalsoatimeofeconomicdistress.
⏹Themid-Victorianperiod(1848~70):
经济繁荣和宗教不合的时期(EconomicProsperityandReligiousControversy)
Itwasnotfreeofharassingproblems,itwasatimeofprosperity,optimism,andstability.
⏹Thelaterperiod(1870~1901):
由盛到衰进程的时期(DecayofVictorianValues)
ThecostsofEmpirebecameincreasinglyapparent,andEnglandwasconfrontedwithgrowingthreatstoitsmilitaryandeconomicpreeminence.
c)QueenVictoriaandVictorianTemper
⏹Victoriawasbornincametothethronein1837(aged18),afterthedeathofheruncleWilliamIV,crownedin1838anddiedin1901.
⏹Shereignedforexactly63years,7months,2days(June20,1837-January22,1901),longerthananyotherBritishmonarch.
⏹Her9childrenand42grandchildrentyingthemtogetherandearningherthenickname"
thegrandmotherofEurope"
.
⏹ExemplifiesVictorianqualities:
earnestness,moralresponsibility,domesticpropriety
⏹TheVictorianPeriodwasanageoftransition
⏹Anagecharacterizedbyenergyandhighmoralpurpose
1819年生于伦敦,1837年继位成为英国女王。
到19世纪末,维多利亚女王由于拥有许多欧洲皇室的皇亲国戚,被人称为“欧洲的祖母”。
1897年英国为她在位60周年举行庆典,成为英国历史上统治时刻最长的女王。
由于这一时期英国迅速地向外扩张,成立了庞大的殖民地,因此被称为“日不落帝国”。
1901年1月22日,维多利亚女王归天。
d)FourFeatures
⏹ThelongstruggleoftheAnglo-Saxonsforpersonallibertyisdefinitelysettled,anddemocracybecomestheestablishedorderoftheday.
⏹Becauseitisanageofdemocracy,itisanageofpopulareducation,ofreligioustolerance,ofgrowingbrotherhood,andofprofoundsocialunrest(动荡).
⏹Itisanageofcomparativepeace.
⏹TheVictorianAgeisespeciallyremarkablebecauseofitsrapidprogressinalltheartsandsciencesandinmechanicalinventions.
HistoricalBackground
1.Society
⏹ATimeofChange
Agreatdealofchangetookplaceduringthisperiod--broughtaboutbecauseoftheIndustrialRevolution;
snotsurprisingthattheliteratureoftheperiodisoftenconcernedwithsocialreform.
1)LondonbecomesmostimportantcityinEurope
2)PopulationofLondonexpandsfromtwomilliontosixmillion
3)Shiftfromownershipoflandtomodernurbaneconomy
4)Impactofindustrialism
5)Increaseinwealth
6)World’sforemostimperialpower
7)Victorianpeoplesufferedfromanxiety,asenseofbeingdisplacedpersonsinanageoftechnologicaladvances.
2.Economy
⏹ColonialExpansion
ThemostpowerfuloftheBritishEmpireatthetimeofterritoryacross5continentswithatotalareaofupto33,500,000squarekilometers,theUnitedKingdomis137timesthatofthetotalglobalareaof1/4;
itscolonywithapopulationofabout400,000,000,ofthetotal
populationofthecolony75%.FromtheEarthneartheCanadianArctic,theAntarctictothevicinityofArgentina,fromtheCongoRiverinAfrica,Asia,South-EastAsiahaverangedfromthesizeoftheBritishcolony.
⏹WorldFactory
Tothemid-19thcentury,theUnitedKingdomtobecometheworld'
sfirstindustrializedcountries,whichexportalargenumberofmanufacturedgoods,importsofrawmaterialsandalargenumberofagriculturalandsidelineproducts.Britainbecametheworld'
sfactory,theeconomiccenter.In1851,thenumberofBritishmerchantaccountfornearlyhalfofworldmerchantshipping,industrialproductsoccupied50%oftheworldmarket,andproductionofpigironaccountedfor53%oftheworld'
scoaloutputaccountedfor50%oftheworld.
⏹Imperialism
Thesunneversets:
“RussiaandtheNorthAmericanplainsisourcorn,ChicagoandOdessaisourgranary,CanadaandtheBalticSeaisourforests,ourAustraliansheepfarms,ArgentinaandNorthAmericanprairietothewestofourcattlegrazing,andsentPeruviansilver,goldsentAustraliaandSouthAfrica,IndiaandChinahasprovideduswithtea,EastIndiestoprovideuswithcoffee,sugarandspices."
3.Culture
⏹UTILITARIANISM
1)Definition:
Utilitarianismistheideathatthemoralworthofanactionisdeterminedsolelybyitsutilityinprovidinghappinessorpleasureassummedamongallsentient(有知觉的)beings.Itisthusaformofconsequentialism,meaningthatthemoralworthofanactionisdeterminedbyitsoutcome.
2)Simplified:
Wedecidehowtoact,andthenjustifyouractions,byevaluatingwhichalternativesarelikelytoresultinthegreatestgood.
3)PrincipleofUtility:
Oneshouldalwaysactastobringaboutthe“greatestgoodforthegreatestnumber…”
4)Chineseexplanation:
功利主义以为人应该做出能“达到最大善”的行为,所谓最大善的计算那么必需依托此行为所涉及的每一个个体之苦乐感觉的总和,其中每一个个体都被视为具相同分量,且欢乐与痛楚是能够换算的,痛楚仅是“负的欢乐”。
功利主义不考虑一个人行为的动机与手腕,仅考虑一个行为的结果对最大欢乐值的阻碍。
能增加最大欢乐值的即是善;
反之即为恶。
5)Representative:
DerivedfromtheideasofJeremyBentham杰里米·
边沁(英国哲学家)andhisdiscipleJamesMill,thefatherofJohnStuartMill.
Rationalist唯物主义者testofvalue.
6)Effect:
Almosteverythingwasputtothetestbythecriterionofutility,thatis,theextenttowhichitcouldpromotethematerialhappiness.Thistheoryheldaspecialappealtothe
middle-classedindustrialists,whosegreeddrovethemtoexploitingworkerstotheutmostandbroughtgreatersufferingandpovertytotheworkingmass.
Utilitarianismfailedtorecognizepeople’sspiritualneeds.
⏹CHANGESINIDEOLOGY意识形态
1)Scienceandtechnologydevelopedveryfast.Newinventionsanddiscoveriesingeology,astronomy,biologyandanthropologydrasticallychangedpeople’slife.
2)GermanphilosopherssuchasLudwigFeuerbachandComteexertedgreatinfluencesoverBritishideologicalfield.
3)CharlesDarwin(达尔文)
OriginofSpecies(1859)“TheSurvivaloftheFittest”andTheDescentofMan(1871)shookthetheoreticalbasisoftheconventionalreligiousfaith.Peoplebegintoquestionfaithandlong-heldbeliefsabouthumanity.
4)KARLMARX(马克思)
TheoryofKarlMarx,TheCommunistManifesto(1847),TheCapital(1867)
5)THERELIGIOUSCOLLISION
Scienceandtechnologydevelopedveryfast.Newinventionsanddiscoveriesingeology,astronomy,biologyandanthropologydrasticallychangedpeople’slife.
Definitionsofseveralterms
1.TheReformAct1832
TheRepresentationofthePeopleAct1832,orReformAct1832,wasanActofParliament(2&
3Will.IV)thatintroducedwide-rangingchangestotheelectoralsystemofEnglandandWales.Accordingtoitspreamble,theactwasdesignedto"
takeeffectualMeasuresforcorrectingdiversAbusesthathavelongprevailedintheChoiceofMemberstoserveintheCommonsHouseofParliament."
《1832年改革法案》(英文:
ReformAct1832)是英国在1832年通过的关于扩大下议院选民基础的法案。
该议案改变了下议院由保守派独占的状态,加入了中产阶级的势力,是英国议会史的一次重大改革。
⏹背景
自工业革命以后,新工工业城市崛起。
但英国下议院1688年后再没有新的市镇取得议会代表权,而一些所谓“衰废市镇”(RottenBoroughs),仅有数户居住、无人居住、乃至在地理上消失的地址竟拥有在下议院市镇代议士;
反之新工业城市往往聚居数以万计人口却无代议士代表。
除议会议席分派失衡外,议员的民意代表性也不充分,在英格兰及爱尔兰只有百分之五的成年男性选举权,苏格兰200万人口中更仅有3000人有选举权。
而且选举方式上采取公布投票法,选民无法对自己的投票取向保密,很多时候屈服于有势力人士的威迫利诱,被迫投票给他们。
⏹内容
1.依旧保留1710年以来有关下议院议员的不动产条件,因此议员身世仍以地主贵族为主。
2.下议院议席分派将郡议员人数由188席增加至253席,市代表由465席减至399席,这些市都曾是在中古时期的多数市,因此在国会有自己的市代表,但随着时期改变而荒废,故此议席需要减少。
其中,五十六个衰废城市人口低于二千,失去单独派出代议士的资格,改成归入郡区选区;
三十二个人口介于二千至四千人
的城市,议席由二席减至一席。
空出的143席中,英格兰郡区得65席,苏格兰得8席,爱尔兰得5席,而因工业革命新兴的工业城市得65席。
3.选民资格亦有开放。
在市镇中,年收入在十镑以上的房户主和年付十镑以上房产租税者,在郡乡中,年付十镑田土租税的六十年长期田地租用者、年付五十镑田土租税的短时间田地租用者及年付两镑地税的自有土地者皆享投票权。
选民总数由五十万增加到八十一万三千,更多中上层的中产阶级取得选举权,选民占全国人口百分之三左右。
⏹阻碍
旧有地主及旧有南部城市商人的势力受冲击;
增加了因工业革命而兴起的中北部城市(如曼彻斯特、利物浦)商人的参政机遇;
郡代表的增加有助平稳不同地址势力对选举的阻碍;
群众对下议院的阻碍力上升,同时此法案也开辟了往后各议会改革法案的先河。
2.NewPoorLaw1834
3.TheChartistMovement(1836-1848)
Background:
1)ThedevelopmentofIndustrialRevolutionandtheindustrialcapitalism,theworkingclasshadorganizedinastrongorganization.
2)AftertheReformAct1832,thecapitalistclasshadtherightstovote,butnottotheworkingclass.
3)Theworkingclasswasverypoorandtheirworkingconditionswereverybad.
In1838,aPeople’sCharterwasdrawnupbyradicalsinLondonWorkingMen’sAssociation.
背景:
1)工业革命的展开和工业资本主义的进展,工人阶级力量的壮大;
2)1832年的英国议会改革,使工业资产阶级取得了选举权。
工人阶级却被排斥于议会之外;
3)1838年,伦敦工人协会的工人领袖与议会的激进派议员一起起草了一份请愿书,并命名为“人民宪章”。
Chartism
ChartismwasaVictorianeraworkingclassmovementforpoliticalreforminBritainbetween1838and1848.IttakesitsnamefromthePeople'
sCharterof1838.Theterm"
Chartism"
istheumbrellanamefornumerousloosely-coordinatedlocalgroups,oftennamed"
WorkingMen'
sAssociation,"
articulatinggrievancesinmanycitiesfrom1837.
Itspeakactivitycamein1839,1842and1848.Itbeganamongskilledartisansinsmallshops,suchasshoemakers,printers,andtailors.Themovementwasmoreaggressiveinareaswithmanydistressedhandloomworkers,suchasinLancashireandtheMidlands.
Itbeganasapetitionmovementwhichtriedtomobilize"
moralforce"
butsoonattractedmenwhoadvocatedstrikes,Genera
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