雅思阅读模拟题《经济进化论》Word文档格式.docx
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雅思阅读模拟题《经济进化论》Word文档格式.docx
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ALivingalongtheOrinocoRiverthatbordersBrazilandVenezuelaaretheYanomampeople,hunter-gathererswhoseaverageannualincomehasbeenestimatedattheequivalentof$90perpersonperyear.LivingalongtheHudsonRiverthatbordersNewYorkStateandNewJerseyaretheManhattanpeople,consumertraderswhoseaverageannualincomehasbeenestimatedat$36,000perpersonperyear.Thatdramaticdifferenceof400times,however,palesincomparisontothedifferencesinStockKeepingUnits(SKUs,ameasureofthenumberoftypesofretailproductsavailable),whichhasbeenestimatedat300fortheYanomamand10billionfortheManhattans,adifferenceof33milliontimes.
BHowdidthishappen?
AccordingtoeconomistEricD.Beinhocker,whopublishedthesecalculationsinhisrevelatoryworkTheOriginofWealth(HarvardBusinessSchoolPress,2006),theexplanationistobefoundincomplexitytheory.Evolutionandeconomicsarenotjustanalogoustoeachother,buttheyareactuallytwoformsofalargerphenomenoncalledcomplexadaptivesystems,inwhichindividualelements,partsoragentsinteract,thenprocessinformationandadapttheirbehaviortochangingconditions.Immunesystems,ecosystems,language,thelawandtheInternetareallexamplesofcomplexadaptivesystems.
CInbiologicalevolution,natureselectsfromthevariationproducedbyrandomgeneticmutationsandthemixingofparentalgenes.Outofthatprocessofcumulativeselectionemergescomplexityanddiversity.Ineconomicevolution,ourmaterialeconomyproceedsthroughtheproductionandselectionofnumerouspermutationsofcountlessproducts.Those10billionproductsintheManhattanvillagerepresentonlythosevariationsthatmadeittomarket,afterwhichthereisacumulativeselectionbyconsumersinthemarketplaceforthosedeemedmostuseful:
VHSoverBetamax,DVDsoverVHS,CDsovervinylrecords,flipphonesoverbrickphones,computersovertypewriters,GoogleoverAltavista,SUVsoverstationwagons,paperbooksovere-books(still),andInternetnewsovernetworknews(soon).Thosethatarepurchased&
ldquo;
survive&
rdquo;
andreproduceintothefuturethroughrepetitiveuseandremanufacturing.
DAswithlivingorganismsandecosystems,theeconomylooksdesigned&
mdash;
sojustashumansnaturallydeducetheexistenceofatop-downintelligentdesigner,humansalso(understandably)inferthatatop-downgovernmentdesignerisneededinnearlyeveryaspectoftheeconomy.Butjustaslivingorganismsareshapedfromthebottomupbynaturalselection,theeconomyismoldedfromthebottomupbytheinvisiblehand.Thecorrespondencebetweenevolutionandeconomicsisnotperfect,becausesometop-downinstitutionalrulesandlawsareneededtoprovideastructurewithinwhichfreeandfairtradecanoccur.Buttoomuchtop-downinterferenceintothemarketplacemakestradeneitherfreenorfair.Whensuchattemptshavebeenmadeinthepasttheyhavefailed&
becausemarketsarefartoocomplex,interactiveandautocatalytictobedesignedfromthetopdown.Inhis1922book,Socialism,LudwigVonMisesspelledoutthereasonswhy,mostnotablytheproblemof&
economiccalculation&
inaplannedsocialisteconomy.Incapitalism,pricesareinconstantandrapidfluxandaredeterminedfrombelowbyindividualsfreelyexchanginginthemarketplace.Moneyisameansofexchange,andpricesaretheinformationpeopleusetoguidetheirchoices.VonMisesdemonstratedthatsocialisteconomiesdependoncapitalisteconomiestodeterminewhatpricesshouldbeassignedtogoodsandservices.Andtheydosocumbersomelyandinefficiently.Relativelyfreemarketsare,ultimately,theonlywaytofindoutwhatbuyersarewillingtopayandwhatsellersarewillingtoaccept.
EEconomicshelpstoexplainhowYanomam-likehunter-gatherersevolvedintoManhattan-likeconsumer-traders.IntheNineteenthcenturyFrencheconomistFredericBastiatwellcapturedtheprinciple:
&
Wheregoodsdonotcrossfrontiers,armieswill.Inadditiontobeingfiercewarriors,theYanomamarealsosophisticatedtraders,andthemoretheytradethelesstheyfight.Thereasonisthattradeisapowerfulsocialadhesivethatcreatespoliticalalliances.Onevillagecannotgotoanothervillageandannouncethattheyareworriedaboutbeingconqueredbyathird,morepowerfulvillage&
thatwouldrevealweakness.Insteadtheymasktherealmotivesforalliancethroughtradeandreciprocalfeasting.And,asaresult,notonlygainmilitaryprotectionbutalsoinitiateasystemoftradethat&
inthelongrun&
leadstoanincreaseinbothwealthandSKUs.
FFreeandfairtradeoccursinsocietieswheremostindividualsinteractinwaysthatprovidemutualbenefit.Thenecessaryrulesweren&
#39;
tgeneratedbywisemeninasacredtemple,orlawmakersincongress,butratherevolvedovergenerationsandwerewidelyacceptedandpracticedbeforethelawwaseverwritten.Lawsthatfailthistestareignored.Ifenforcementbecomestooonerous,thereisrebellion.Yettheconceptthathumaninteractionmust,andcanbecontrolledbyahigherforceisuniversal.Interestingly,thereisnowidespreadagreementonwhothehigherforceis.Religiouspeopleascribegoodbehaviortogod&
slaw.Theycannotconceiveofanorderlysocietyofatheists.Secularpeoplecreditthegovernment.Theyconsideranarchytobesynonymouswithbarbarity.Everyoneseemstoagreeontheconceptthatorderlysocietyrequiresanomnipotentforce.Yet,everywherethereisevidencethatthisisnotso.Animportantdistinctionbetweenspontaneoussocialorderandsocialanarchyisthattheformerisdevelopedbyworkandinvestment,undertheruleoflawandwithasetofevolvedmoralswhilethelatterischaos.TheclassicalliberaltraditionofvonMisesandHayeknevermakestheclaimthatthecompleteabsenceoftop-downrulesleadstotheoptimalsocialorder.Itsimplysaysweshouldbeskepticalaboutourabilitytomanagetheminthenameofsocialjustice,equality,orprogress.
Questions1-5
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?
Inboxes1-5onyouranswersheet,write
TRUEifthestatementistrue
FALSEifthestatementiffalse
NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage
SKUsisamoreprecisemeasurementtodemonstratetheeconomiclevelofacommunity.
Noconcreteexamplesarepresentedwhentheauthormakesthestatementconcerningeconomicevolution.
Evolutionandeconomicsshowadefectivehomolog.
Martialactionsmightbetakentocrossthebordersiftradesdonotwork.
Profitistheinvisiblehandtoguidethemarket.
Questions6-8
Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.
Writeyouranswersinboxes6-8onyouranswersheet.
6Whatoughttoplayavitalroleineachfieldtheeconomy?
Aastrictrule
Basmartstrategy
Catightlymanagedauthority
Dapowerfullegislation
7-8Whichtwoofthefollowingtoolsareusedtopretendtoaskforunionaccordingtooneexplanationfromtheperspectiveofeconomics
Aanofficialannouncement
Badiplomaticevent
Ctheexchangeofgoods
Dcertainwrittencorrespondence
Esomeenjoyabletreatmentinawin-winsituation
Questions9-13
Summary
CompletethefollowingsummaryoftheparagraphsofReadingPassage,usingnomorethanthreewordsfromtheReadingPassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes9-13onyouranswersheet.
Inresponsetothesearchofreasonsforthephenomenonshownbythehugedifferenceintheincomebetweentwogroupsofpeoplebothdwellingneartherivers,severalresearchersmadetheireffortandgavecertainexplanations.Oneattributes9totheinterestingchangeclaimingthatitisnotassimpleasitseemstobeinappearancethattherelationshipbetween10whichisagoodexampleof11,whichinvolveintheinteractionofseparatefactorsfortheprocessingofinformationaswellasthebehavioraladaptationtounstableconditions.Asfarasthebiologicaltransformationisconcerned,both12andtheblendofgenesfromthelastgenerationbringaboutthedifference.Theeconomiccounterpartshowshowgeneratingandchoosingthe13ofinnumerablegoodsmovesforwardthematerial-orientedeconomy.
参考答案:
1NOTGIVEN2FALSE3TRUE4TRUE5NOTGIVEN6C7C8E9complexitytheory
10evolutionandeconomics11complexadaptivesystems12randomgeneticmutations13permutations
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- 经济进化论 雅思 阅读 模拟 经济 进化论