An Analysis of the source of Dickinson文档格式.docx
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An Analysis of the source of Dickinson文档格式.docx
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thepoemsofdeathinreallife,describingthemomentandtheprocessofdeath,thepoemsofimagineddeath,describingpersonifieddeaththattranscendtimeandspaceandtheelegiesofthebelovedrelativesandfriends.HeclaimedthatDickinsonhasbeenawareofthemysteriousintersectionbydeathbetweenmanandtheworld.ThepaperdealswiththesourceofEmily’sdeathpoems.ForDickinson,herdeathpoemsareinfluencedbythattime.TheCivilWarmadeDickinsonthoughtaboutinjuryanddeath.TheTranscendentalismmadeDickinsonthoughttheGodinanewview.ThentoanalysisDickinson’sdeathpoems,theexperienceofhercannotbeignored.Thedeathofherrelativesandfriendsgiveheragreatsufferingbutshemustconfrontdeathdirectly.Dickinson’spsychologicalstatealsomadeherdeathpoemsmoreabstruseandneedfurtheranalysis.
2.ThecontextofDickinson’sdeathpoems
EmilyDickinsonwaswritingatanexplosivetimeinAmericanhistory.AbriefsnapshotoftheeventsofherlifetimeincludestheMexican-AmericanWar,theCaliforniaGodRush,thefirstwomen’srightsconvention,HarrietTubman’sescapeontheUndergroundRailroad,thepublicationofUncleTom’sCabin,theCivilWar,andtheshootingsoftwopresidents.BythetimeDickinsonwasborn,thecountryhadsteam-poweredlocomotivesandgaslamps,whichweresoonfollowedbytherevolver,telegraphy,bicycles,anesthesia,anddynamite.Inadditiontopoliticalandtechnologicaladvances,areligiousandspiritualrevolutionwasalsogainingmomentum.EmilyDickinsonwasnotwritinginavacuum:
shewasbothaproductofhercultureandanactiveparticipantthroughdiscussions,letters,andpoetry.Infact,threeofherpoemsappearedinDrumBeat,aBrooklynnewspaperthatraisedfundsoftheUnioneffort.Contrarytothemythofthesecludedpoetwholockedherselfawayfromtherestoftheworld,Dickinsonwasawareoflocalandnationaleventsandusedpoliticalandculturaltropesinherpoetry.Asthecountrystruggledtodefineitselfandtherightsofitscitizens,shestruggledtoestablishheridentityasawomanandwriter.EmilyDickinsonactedouthistoricalandculturalmovementsinapersonalway.
2.1TheCivilWar
Thefour-yearperiodoftheCivilWar(1861-5)wasthebloodiesteraAmericahadyetseen.ItwasalsothemostprolifictimeofEmilyDickinson’swriting.Suddenlytheclashesbetweenindividualandsociety,agrarianandindustrial,blackandwhite,andNorthandSouthcametoahead.TheseverityofthewarputDickinsonintoabrandnewexistentialchallenge,onethathadnopreviousmodels.Thenewadvancesinweapontechnology,includingtheGatlinggun(arapid-repeatingfirearm)andtheMinieball(abulletthatallowedrapidmuzzle-loadingofrifles),combinedwiththesheerscaleofthewar,forcedDickinsontograpplewithissuesofliberty,life,anddeathinawaysheneverhadbefore.
EdwardDickinson’sinvolvementinpoliticsandsupportoftheNorthernwareffortmeantthathisfamilywaskeptabreastofevolvingnewsaboutthewar.Dickinson’sbrotherAustinavoidedconscriptionbypaying$500foranIrishlaborertojointheUnionarmyinhisstead.AlthoughAustinwasspared,Dickinsonknewfriendsandrelativeswhowerenotasfortunate.InMarchof1862,DickinsonwasdevastatedbythedeathofLieutenantFrazerStearns,sonofAmherstCollege’sPresidentandfriendofAustin.Stearns’deathalsoinspiredanelegy:
ItfeelsashametobeAlive-
WhenMensobrave-aredead-
OneenviestheDistinguishedDust-
Permitted-suchaHead-
TheStone-thattellsdefendingWhom
ThisSpartanputaway
WhatlittleofHimwe-possessed
InPawnforLiberty-
Thepriceisgreat-Sublimelypaid-
Dowedeserve-aThing-
Thatlives-likeDollars-mustbepiled
Beforewemayobtain?
Arewethatwait-sufficientworth–
ThatsuchEnormousPearl
Aslife-dissolvedbe-forUs-
InBattle’s-horridBowl?
Itmaybe–aRenowntolive-
IthinktheManwhodie-
Thoseunsustained-Saviors-
PresentDivinity-(P213,no.444)
Inthepoem,Dickinsoncontrastsherguiltatlivingwhen“Mensobrave”asStearnsaredying.However,justassheelevatesthedyingsoliderandhonorshisvalor,shequestionswhetherthereason-war-isworththepriceoflife.“Thepriceisgreat”shewarns,onceagainusinglanguagefromtheworldofeconomicsandindustrialization,thenshowsthattheonlywaythispricecanbepaidis“Sublimely,”orinanintangiblewaythatmostcannotunderstand.Shefurtherasks,doessocietydeservelibertyifitcomesatthecostofsomanylives?
Dickinson’scritiqueofmaterialwealthisalsosubtle:
thesoldiers’bodiesarestacked“likeDollars”andtheirlivesarean“EnormousPearl”thatis“dissolved”bywar.ForDickinson,thesoldiersaremeregamepieceswhoareusedtoloseorwinvictories.Clearly,DickinsonistornbetweenpayingtributetotheheroiceffortsoffriendssuchasStearnsanddrawingattentiontotheutterwasteoftheirdeaths.
Atfirstglance,Dickinson’spoemswrittenduringtheCivilWardonotappeartobe“war”poems.However,carefulreadingsshowthatseveralofherpoemsareinfactcloselyconnectedtotheeventsofthewar.Dickinsondidnotliveinaself-sealedbubble;
sheisisolatedherphysicalbodybutallowedherintellectandimaginationtotrespassallboundaries.Likeothersofherera,DickinsonexperiencedtheCivilWarasthecentraleventsofherlifethatcoloredeverythingthatfollowed.
Higginson’sconnectionstotheCivilWarareparticularlyimportantwhenexaminingthewar’seffectonDickinson.HigginsonwasacolonelforthefirstSouthCarolinaVolunteers,thefistregimentsofblacksoldiers(freedslaves)intheCivilWar.DickinsonwrotetoHigginsonafterhewasinjuredinbattle:
“Dearfriend,Areyouindanger-Ididnotknowthatyouwerehurt.Willyoutellmemore?
...Iamsurprisedandanxious”(L431,no.290).
Incompetitionandwar,victoryisallthatmatters.Toloseistoshowweakness,failure,anddespair,buttowinistoexhibitstrength,success,andgreatsatisfaction.Dickinson,however,sawanessentialparadoxwithinthedichotomiesofwinningandlosing:
Successiscountedsweetest
Bythosewhone’ersucceed.
Tocomprehendanectar
Requiressorestneed.
NotoneofallthepurpleHost
WhotooktheFlagtoday
Cantellthedefinition
SoclearofVictory
Ashedefeated-dying-
Onwhoseforbiddenear
Thedistantstrainsoftriumph
Burstagonizedandclear!
(P35,no.67)
AccordingtoDickinson,nooneunderstandswhatwinningmeansmorethanthosewhohavelost.Whereasthevictorunderstandsonlyoneside,thelosercomprehendsboth.Knowingthepainoflosingandimaginingthethrillofsucceeding,thedefeatedsidesuffersfromanintenselyemotional,holistic,understandingoftheirwarexperience.
PerhapstheCivilWar’sstrongestimpactuponDickinsoncanbeseeninheruseofmartialimagery.SheinternalizedtheCivilWar:
theconflictofreligiousbeliefs,angeroverauthority,suppressionofindividualrightsandliberties,andtherealityofdeath.Shealsoviewedthewarasanexternalizationofherownbattlebetweenautonomyandsubmission.Thenation’sCivilWarwasamacrocosmofthecivilwarDickinsonwagedinsideherself.Sheusestheimagesofwar,battle,weaponry,anddeathinhermostfamouspoemfrom1863:
MyLifehadstood-aLoadedGun-
InCorners-tillaDay
TheOwnerpassed-identified
AndcarriedMeaway-
AndnowWeroaminSovereignWoods-
AndnowWehunttheDoe-
AndeverytimeIspeakforHim-
TheMountainsstraightreply-
AnddoIsmile,suchcordiallight
UpontheValleyglow-
ItisasaVesuvianface
Hadletitspleasurethrough-
AndwhenatNight-OurgoodDaydone-
IguardMyMaster’sHead-
‘TisbetterthantheEider-Duck’s
DeepPillow-tohaveshared-
TofoeofHis-I’mdeadlyfoe-
Nonestirthesecondtime-
OnwhomIlayaYellowEye-
OranemphaticThumb-
ThoughIthanHe–maylongerlive
Helongermust-thanI-
ForIhavebutthepowertokill,
Without-thepowertodie-(P369-70,no.754)
Inthispoem,thespeaker’slifeisfraughtwithpossibility–a”LoadedGun”isfullofdangerouspotential.Itcanbeusedforhuntinganimalsforfood,,killingpeopleinwar,orevenasatoolforsuicide.Thegunisreadybutthepo
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