语言与文化Word文档下载推荐.docx
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语言与文化Word文档下载推荐.docx
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来源于各种不同的文化创造之中,习语负载了很多文化内涵。
它们能够直接而深刻地反映出不同语言的文化因素。
英语和汉语是当今世界上两种拥有最多使用者的语言,二者都拥有大量的习语。
对英汉习语中文化因素的误解常常
造成英汉跨文化交际的失败。
因此对比研究英汉习语中的文化因素意义深远。
要掌握两种语言,必须掌握两种文化。
为了更好地进行跨文化交际,在语言教学与学习中应该注意习语中的文化因素。
关键词:
对比研究;
文化因素;
英语习语;
汉语习语;
跨文化交际
Introduction
Inrecentyears,Chinesepeoplehavemoreandmorechancetocommunicatedirectlywithforeigners.Sometimeswefindthatevenifyouknowthemeaningofeveryexpressionyouseeorhear,youmaynotunderstandtheidiombecauseyoudon'
tknowtheculturebehindit.
Idiomsareeasilyfoundinmanylanguages.Theyarethegemsoflanguages,manyofwhichhaveexperiencedlongtimeuseandbecomefixedlanguageforms.Idiomsarethecrystallizationofhumanintelligence;
theyhavemanynationalcharacteristics.Therefore,idiomsoftenhaveprofoundmeaningsandrichculturalconnotations.Theyarelikemirrorsreflectingculturalfactorsinlanguages.Idiomshavegreatexpressiveforceinallkindsofliteraryworksandspokenlanguages;
theuseofthemcanaddlustertolanguage.Idiomsplaysuchasignificantrolethatthemasteryofthembecomesveryimportant.
Weallknowthatlanguageandculturearecloselyrelatedwitheachother.Languageispartofcultureandamostimportantcarrierofculture.Asimportantlanguageformsandarepresentativepartoflanguage,idiomsareheavilyculture-loaded,sotheyareeffectiveinreflectingculture.ThereismuchculturalinformationinEnglishidiomsaswellasinChineseidioms.AcontrastivestudyofculturalfactorsinEnglishandChineseidiomsisverymeaningfultointerculturalcommunicationbetweenEnglish-speakingpeopleandChinese.ThisarticlefocusesoncomparingandcontrastingEnglishandChineseidiomsfromtheperspectiveofculture.
IdiomandCulture
Idiomisaveryimportantlinguisticformthatcanbefoundinmanylanguagesintheworld;
languageandculturearecloselyrelatedwitheachother.Therefore,idiomsarecertaintohaveacloserelationshipwithculture.
2.1DefinitionofIdiom
Togiveapreciseandwidelyaccepteddefinitionof"
idiom"
isalmostimpossiblethoughmostlanguageshaveidioms.Becausetherangesandformsofidiomsindifferentlanguagesarenotthesame;
eveninacertainkindoflanguage,suchasEnglish,therearemanydifferentkindsofdefinitionsfor"
.
2.1.1EnglishIdiom
Uptonow,itisnoteasytogiveaclear-cutdefinitiontothe"
becausetherearesomedifferentopinionsondefiningEnglishword"
Idiomis"
aformofexpression,grammaticalconstruction,phrase,etc.,peculiartoalanguage;
apeculiarityofphraseologyapprovedbytheusageofalanguage,andoftenhavingasignificationotherthanitsgrammaticalorlogicalone"
.-TheOxfordEnglishDictionary(1989).
Idiomisanexpressionestablishedintheusageofalanguagethatispeculiartoitselfeitheringrammaticalconstruction(asNo,itwasn'
tme.)orinhavingameaningthatcannotbederivedasawholefromtheconjoinedmeaningsofitselements(as"
Mondayweek"
for"
theMondayaweekafternextMonday"
;
"
Howareyou?
"
Whatisthestateofyourhealthorfeelings?
)-Webster'
sThirdNewInternationalDictionary(1976).
Therefore,Englishidioms,inabroadsense,mayincludeidiomaticphrases,proverbialsayings,andsomeslangexpressions.
2.1.2ChineseIdiom
FromtheabovedefinitionsofEnglish"
wemayfindthatEnglishidiomsincludemorelinguisticformsthanChinese"
chengyu”(成语)whichisdefinedinModernChineseDictionarybyCommercialPress(2000)as“人们长期以来习用的、形式简洁而意思精辟的、定型的词组或短句。
汉语的成语大多由四个字组成。
”(Setphrasesorshortsentenceswithbriefformsbutdeepmeaningswhichhavebeenhabituallyusedforalongtime.MostofChineseidiomsareconstitutedbyfourChinesecharacters.).
AccordingtoYuFuminandGuoShanlian(1999),"
shuyu"
(熟语)istheequivalentof"
.Theydefined"
as"
akindofsetphraseorsentence,which,likeastockexpression,isoftenquotedbythecommonpeople"
.Andtheyheldthat"
shu"
includes"
chengyu"
(成语,setphrases),"
suyu"
(俗语,commonsayings),"
yanyu"
(谚语,proverbs),"
xiehouyu"
(歇后语,twopartallegoricalsayings),and"
cusuyu"
(粗俗语,vulgarexpressions).Itseemsthatthisdefinitionof"
correspondswiththatdefinedinCi-hai(1999),aChinesedictionaryofauthority.InCi-hai(1999),"
isdefinedas“熟语是语言中定型的词组或者词句,使用时一般不能改变其组织。
”(A"
isusuallyafixedwordcombinationorsentencewhosestructureisusuallyunabletobechangedinuse.)
Accordingtotheabovedefinitions,therangeof"
isverybroad.ButonethingshouldbenotedthatthisarticleisaimedatstudyingtheculturalfactorsinEnglishandChineseidioms,thereforeitsfocuswillbeputontheidiomswithnationalandculturalcharacteristicsinthetwolanguages.
2.2DefinitionofCulture
Cultureisanextremelycomplexconceptandanenormoussubject.Itisdifficulttogiveawidelyaccepteddefinitionforculturebecausecultureembracesalmosteverythingintheworld,whethermaterialorspiritual.
Cultureisthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety(E.Tylor,1871).
ChinesescholarTangJushang(1994)heldthatinabroadsense,culturereferstothetotalityofboththematerialandspiritualwealthachievedinthehistoryofhumansociety.
Inthebroadsense,culturecanbedividedintothreecategories:
materialculture,institutionalcultureandmentalculture.Materialcultureincludesalltheproductsofmanufacture,suchasproductiontools,transportationvehicles,weapons,dailyutensils,clothing,housing,foodandotherartificialthings.Institutionalculturereferstovarioussystemsandthetheoriesthatsupportthem,suchassocialsystems,religioussystems,ritualsystems,educationalsystems,kinshipsystemsandlanguage,etc.Mentalculturereferstopeople'
smentalityandbehaviors,theirthoughtpatterns,beliefs,conceptionsofvalue,aesthetictastes,andsoon.
AnalysesEnglishandChineseIdiomsfromtheperspectiveofculture
SinceacontrastivestudyisgoingtobemadebetweenEnglishandChineseidioms,bothofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthemshouldbeanalyzed.
3.1SimilaritiesbetweenEnglishandChineseIdioms
Firstofall,wearegoingtodiscussthesimilaritiesbetweenEnglishandChineseidioms.Theirsimilaritiesaregoingtobeanalyzedfromthefollowingaspects:
3.1.1SimilaritiesinLinguisticCharacteristics
ThroughcomparingEnglishandChineseidioms,wemayfindthattheybothhavethefollowinglinguisticcharacteristics:
First,anidiomusuallyhasimpliedmeaningandcannotbeunderstoodmerelyaccordingtoitsliteralmeaning.Forexample,themeaningoftheEnglishidiom"
kickthebucket"
(itmeans"
todie"
)nolongerhasanythingtodowithkickingbucketsevenifitoncedid("
kickingthebucket"
originallycamefromsuicidebyhanging,whereinthedespondentpersonwouldstandonabucketwiththenoosearoundhisorherneck,andthen"
toallowthenoosetotighten).ThischaracteristicalsoexistsinChineseidioms,forexample,“虎头蛇尾”literallymeanstheheadofatigerandthetailofasnake,butinfacttherealmeaningof“虎头蛇尾”(itmeans"
finestartandpoorfinish"
)hasnothingtodowith“虎’(tiger)and“蛇”(snake).
Second,EnglishandChineseidiomsbothhavethecharacteristicofstructuralstability.Inotherwords,anychangeintheelementsofanidiomcandestroythesenseasawhole.Forinstance,inEnglishwecannotsay"
kickthepail"
insteadof"
although"
bucket"
and"
pail"
aresynonyms.And"
Tomkickedthegreenbucket"
or"
thebucketwaskicked"
doesnothaveanythingtodowithdying.(However,"
Tomkickedhisbucket"
Tom'
sbucketwaskicked"
arebothvalid.)InChinese,wecansay“刻舟求剑”butnot“刻船求剑,though“舟”,and“船”havesimilarmeaningsinChinese.Theidiom“不见黄河心不死”cannotbechangedinto“不见长江心不死”.
Third,agreatnumberofEnglishandChineseidiomsaremetaphoricalorfigurativeinstyle.Metaphors,easilyfoundinidioms,makeimagesvividandbringmuchvitalitytolanguage.Ametaphoricalidiomisanidiomaticphraseoridiomaticexpressioninwhichametaphorisusedtoconveyafigurativemeaning.Inordertounderstandthiskindofidiomswemustknowthefeaturesofthefactsorphenomenathatareusedascomparisons.Forinstance,ballgamesareusedforcomparisoninthetwoEnglishidioms"
tostarttheballrolling"
whichmeans"
tostartaconversationorana
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