关于Word文档下载推荐.docx
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关于Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwitha∧andwritethewordwhichyoubelieveismissingintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.
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Theelderlywhofindsgreatrewardsandsatisfactions
(1)___________
Intheirlaterlivesareasmallminorityinthiscountry.Butthey
Doexist.Theyarethe“agedelite”.Itismoststrikingaboutthese
(2)___________
Peopleistheircapacityforgrowth.WhenArthurRobinsonwas
Eighty,someonetoldhimthathewasplyingpianobetterthan(3)___________
Ever.“Ithinkso,”heagreed.“NowItakechancesInevertook
Before.Iwasusedtobesomuchmorecareful.Nowrongnotes.(4)___________
Nottooboldideas.NowIletgoandenjoymyselfandtobewith(5)___________
Everythingbesidesthemusic.”Anotherreasonforthesuccessof
Theagedelitearethetraitstheyformedearlierintheirlives.A(6)___________
Sixty-eight-yearoldwoman,threetimesmarriedandwidowed,
Says,”It’snotjustwhatyoudowhenyou’repastsixty-five.It’swhat
Youdidallyourlifewhichmatters.Ifyouhavelivedafulllife,(7)____________
Developedyourmind,youwillbeabletouseitpastsixty-five.
Alongfranknesscomeshumor.Asenseofhumorisan(8)___________
aidpeopleusetocopewithtension.“Humor,”saysDr.Barren,
“alsoleadsyoutojoinwithotherpeople.Therearetwowaysto
Dealwithstress.Weeitherreachoutorwithdraw.Thereachers(9)___________
seekoutotherpeopletosharetheirproblemsinsteadofpulling
away.”Growing,active,humorous,sharing–theseareallqualities
whichdescribetheagedelite.(10)__________
PartIIREADINGCOMPREHENSION(60points)
A.MultipleChoice
PleasereadthefollowingpassagesandchooseA,B,CorDtobestcompletethestatementsaboutthem.
ThePerilsofEfficiency
Thisspring,disasterloomedintheglobalfoodmarket.Precipitousincreasesinthepricesofstapleslikerice(upmorethanahundredandfiftypercentinafewmonths)andmaizeprovokedfoodriots,toppledgovernments,andthreatenedthelivesoftensofmillions.Buttheburstingofthecommoditybubbleeasedthosepressures,andfoodprices,whilestillhigh,havecomewellofftheastronomicallevelstheyhitinApril.ForAmericans,thedropincommoditypriceshasputafewmorebucksinpeople’spockets;
inmuchofthedevelopingworld,itmayhavesavedmanyfromactuallystarving.Sodidtheglobalfinancialcrisissolvetheglobalfoodcrisis?
Temporarily,perhaps.Buttherecentpricedropdoesn’tprovideanylong-termrespitefromthethreatoffoodshortagesorfuturepricespikes.Norhasitreassuredanyoneaboutthehealthoftheglobalagriculturalsystem,whichthecrisisrevealedasdangerouslyunstable.FourdecadesaftertheGreenRevolution,andafterwavesofmarketreformsintendedtotransformagriculturalproduction,we’restillhavingahardtimeinsuringthatpeoplesimplygetenoughtoeat,andweseemtobemorevulnerabletosupplyshocksthanever.
Itwasn’tsupposedtobethisway.Overthepasttwodecades,countriesaroundtheworldhavemovedawayfromtheirfocuson“foodsecurity”andhandedmarketforcesagreaterroleinshapingagriculturalpolicy.Beforethenineteen-eighties,developingcountrieshadso-called“agriculturalmarketingboards,”whichwouldbuycommoditiesfromfarmersatfixedprices(priceshighenoughtokeepfarmersfarming),andthenstoretheminstrategicreservesthatcouldbeusedintheeventofbadharvestsorsoaringimportprices.Butintheeightiesandnineties,oftenaspartofstructural-adjustmentprogramsimposedbytheI.M.F.ortheWorldBank,manymarketingboardswereeliminatedorcutback,andgrainreserves,deemedinefficientandunnecessary,weresoldoff.Inthesameway,structural-adjustmentprogramsoftendidawaywithgovernmentinvestmentinandsubsidiestoagriculture—mostnotably,subsidiesforthingslikefertilizersandhigh-yieldseeds.
Thelogicbehindthesereformswassimple:
themarketwouldallocateresourcesmoreefficientlythangovernment,leadingtogreaterproductivity.Farmers,insteadofgrowingsubsidizedmaizeandwheatathighcost,couldconcentrateoncashcrops,likecashewsandchocolate,andusethemoneytheymadetobuystaplefoods.Ifacountrycouldn’tcompeteintheglobaleconomy,productionwouldmigratetocountriesthatcould.Itwasalsoassumedthat,oncegovernmentssteppedoutoftheway,privateinvestmentwouldfloodintoagriculture,boostingperformance.Andinternationalaidseemedamoreefficientwayofrelievingfoodcrisesthanrelyingoncountriestomaintainsurplusesandfood-securityprograms,whicharewastefulandcostly.
This“marketization”ofagriculturehasnot,tobesure,beenfullycarriedthrough.Subsidiesarestillendemicinrichcountriesandpoor,whiledevelopingcountriesoftenplacetariffsonimportedfood,whichbenefittheirfarmersbutdriveuppricesforconsumers.Andinextremecircumstancescountriesrestrictexports,hoardingfoodfortheirowncitizens.Nonetheless,weclearlyhavealeaner,moremarket-friendlyagriculturalsystemthanbefore.Itlooks,infact,abitlikeglobalmanufacturing,withlowinventories(wheatstocksareattheirlowestsince1977),concentratedproduction(threecountriesprovideninetypercentofcornexports,andfivecountriesprovideeightypercentofriceexports),andfewerredundancies.Governmentshaveamuchsmallerrole,andpublicspendingonagriculturehasbeencutsharply.
Theproblemisthat,whilethissystemisundeniablymoreefficient,it’salsomuchmorefragile.Badweatherinjustafewcountriescanwreakhavocacrosstheentiresystem.Whenpricesspikeastheydidthisspring(forreasonsthatnowseemnotentirelyobvious),theresultisfoodshortagesandmalnutritioninpoorercountries,sincetheyarefarmoredependentonimportsandhavefewfoodreservestodrawon.And,whilehigherpricesandmarketreformsweresupposedtobringaboominagriculturalproductivity,globalcropyieldsactuallyroselessbetween1990and2007thantheydidintheprevioustwentyyears,inpartbecauseinmanydevelopingcountriesprivate-sectoragriculturalinvestmentnevermaterialized,whilethecutbacksingovernmentspendingleftthemwithfeebleinfrastructures.
Thesechangesdidnotcausetherisingpricesofthepastcoupleofyears,buttheyhavemadethemmoredamaging.Theoldemphasisonfoodsecuritywasundoubtedlycostly,andoftenwasteful.Buttheredundanciesitcreatedalsohadtremendousvaluewhenthingswentwrong.Andonesurethingaboutasystemascomplexasagricultureisthatthingswillgowrong,oftenwithdevastatingconsequences.Ifthejust-in-timesystemforproducingcarsrunsintoahitchandthesupplyofcarsshrinksforawhile,peoplecaneasilyadapt.Whenthesamehappenswithfood,peoplegohungryorevenstarve.Thatdoesn’tmeanthatweneedtoembracepricecontrolsorcollectivefarms,andtherearesensiblemarketreforms,likedoingawaywithimporttariffs,thatwouldmakedeveloping-countryconsumersbetteroff.ButafewweeksagoBillClinton,noenemyofmarketreform,gotitrightwhenhesaidthatweshouldhelpcountriesachieve“maximumagriculturalself-sufficiency.”Insteadofamoreefficientsystem,weshouldbetryingtobuildamorereliableone.
(1)Whatcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraph?
[A]Globalfinancialcrisisdestablizedgovernments.
[B]Foodriotsresultedfromskyrockeingfoodbills.
[C]Financialcrisisworsensfoodcrisis.
[D]Foodpricessurgedby150%inApril.
(2)Thefoodcrisisrevealedtheglobalagriculturalsystemas.
[A]fragile
[B]unresponsive
[C]costly
[D]unbearable
(3)Accordingtothethirdparagraph,structural-adjustmentprograms.
[A]intendedtocopewithpoorharvests
[B]wereintroducedaspartof“marketforces”policies
[C]removedpricecontrolsandstatesubsidies
[D]encouragedcountriestofocusonfoodsecurity
(4)Themarketizationofagricultureprobablymeans.
[A]privateinvestmentfloodsintoagriculture
[B]marketforcesprovideefficiencyinagriculture
[C]agriculturalpolicyworkswiththefreemarketsystem
[D]agriculturalproductionisfreefromgovernmentintervention
(5)WhichofthefollowingisNOTafeatureoftheexistingagricuturalsystem?
[A]Reducedgovernmentspending.
[B]Concentratedproduction.
[C]Self-sufficiency.
[D]Lowwheatstocks.
(6)Inthelastparagraph,theunderlinedpart“theredundancies”probablyreferto.
[A]High-yieldseeds
[B]Grainreserves
[C]Cashcrops
[D]Cornimports
MindingtheInequalityGap
Duringthefirst70yearsofthe20thcentury,inequalitydeclinedandAmericansprosperedtogether.Overthelast30years,bycontrast,theUnitedStatesdevelopedthemostunequaldistributionofincomeandwagesofanyhigh-incomecountry.
Someanalystsseethegulfbetweentherichandtherestasanincentiveforstrivers,orasjustthewaythingsare.Othersseeitashavingacorrosiveeffectonpeople’sfaithinthemarketsanddemocracy.StillotherscontendthateconomicpolarizationisarootcauseofAmerica’spoliticalpolarization.Could,andshould,somethingbedone?
ClaudiaGoldinandLawrenceF.Katz,twoHarvardeconomists,thinky
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