对英汉习语的理解及应用研究Word下载.docx
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对英汉习语的理解及应用研究Word下载.docx
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第二部分给英汉习语作了简短的定义。
第三部分,主要讲了英汉习语的理解方面,从文化方面的不同之处,主要是生活环境,宗教信仰,历史典故,和习惯风俗的不同之处进行了论证。
第四部分,主要探讨了习语的运用方面。
最后一部分为论文的总结。
习语,习语的运用,英汉习语理解
1.Introduction
2.DifferentdefinitionsofChineseandwesternidioms
2.1DefinitionofChineseIdioms
2.2DefinitionofEnglishIdioms
3.TheUnderstandingofChineseandEnglishIdiomsfromthePerspectiveofCulture
3.1DifferentHistoricalAllusions
3.2DifferentLivingEnvironment
3.3DifferentReligionsandBeliefs
3.4DifferentTraditionsandCustoms
4.TheApplicationofIdioms
4.1ApplicationinPoliticsandTechnology
4.2ApplicationinLiterature
4.3ApplicationinSlang
4.4ApplicationinVernacularLanguage
5.Conclusion
Introduction
Language
has
been
keeping
synchronous
development
with
culture
throughout
the
whole
process
of
human
cultures
coming
into
being
and
their
subsequent
development.
“Some
scientists
consider
it
keystone
culture.
Without
language,
they
maintain,
would
be
impossible.”
(Deng
Yanchang
Liu
Runqing,
1989:
3.)
“Language
is
primary
means
by
which
a
transmits
its
beliefs,
values,
norms.
It
gives
people
interacting
other
members
thinking.”
(Dai
Weidong,
1989).Idiomsareasetoffixedexpressionspeculiartoanationformedthroughtheuseoflanguageoveralongperiodoftime,includingcolloquialisms,proverbs,slangexpressionsandsoon,makinguponeoftheessentialpartsoflanguageofthatcountry.ChineseandEnglishspeakingcountriesespeciallyGreatBritainhavealonghistoryoflanguagesandthebackgroundofcultures.Mostofidiomsarevivid,carryingstronglocalcolorornationalfeatures.Someofthemareexplicit;
someareimplicitandcanarousevarietiesofassociations;
somemaycontainmorethanonemeaningandmustbejudgedfromthecontext.Iflanguageistheminorofculture,idioms,astheessenceoflanguage,arethequintessenceofculture.Therefore,theunderstandingandapplicationofEnglishandChineseidiomsareveryimportantinthecommunication,especiallyinacross-culturalcommunication.However,languageandculturearecloselyareconnected.Ontheonehand,languageispartofcultureandcarrierofculture.Ontheotherhand,culturehasgreatinfluenceonlanguage.Thatistosay,tounderstandtheEnglishandChineseidioms,asurveyandunderstandingoftheculturalinfluencesisveryimportant.Inordertocommunicatewitheachotherfluently,thestudyoftherelationshipbetweenidiomsandculturalinformationbehindthemissignificantandpromising.Differentpeoplefromdifferentculturesmayhavedifferentunderstandingsofthesamesentencebecausetheyknowlittleaboutthetargetcultures.WhiletheultimateaimofEnglishteachingasaforeignlanguageistocultivatestudents'
competencetoapplyEnglishcorrectly,fluently,andappropriatelyincross-culturalcommunication.However,duetolackofknowledgeofculturaldifferences,manycollegestudentsfailtoachievethispurposeduringtheactualcommunicatingactivities.ItisnecessaryforustostudytheculturaldifferencesinsomefieldsbetweenChinaandWesterncountries.Languageisthemostprincipalmeansforinter-culturalcommunication.Idioms,apartoflanguage,aretheessenceofcultureineverycountry.Usinglanguageinsuchcommunication,weoftencomeacrosssomeidiomswithdistinctiveculturalcharacteristics,soitisaveryimportantandcomplicatedthingforustounderstandandusetheseidiomscorrectly.
John
Lyons,
an
English
linguist,
pointed
that,
“language
part
Differences
on
language
usage
will
expose
features
social
in
terms
substances,
customs
activities.”
(Lyons,
1977:
30).Languageisapartofculture.Itissafetosaythatlanguageisthelifelineofcultureandcultureistherailalongwhichthetrainoflanguagecanrumbleforward.Aspartoflanguage,idiomsarecharacterizedbytheirrichnessandvividnessintheirvariedwaysofexpressions.Inaboardsense,mankindsharesthecommoncultureofhumanbeingsandculturalaspectsfeaturedineverynationmaysharesimilarities.Astwogreatlanguages,ChineseandEnglishhavebothdevelopedtheabundanceandvarietyofidioms,whichmakethemselvesmorevivid,moresuccinctandmoreexpressive.Mostidiomscomefromthelaboringpeople,fromancientlanguagesorforeignlanguages,inwhichliterature,historyandreligionetc,havegivenrisetomanysuchwonderfulphrasesandsentences.EugeneA.Nitadividedthecharacteroflanguagecultureintofivegroups:
Ecology,MaterialCulture,SocialCulture,ReligiousCulture,andLinguisticCulture.SowesummarizetheculturaldifferencesofEnglishandChineseidiomsintofouraspects:
livingenvironment,traditionalcustoms,religiousbeliefs,andhistoricalallusions.
ThispapermainlydiscussestheculturalbackgroundofChineseandEnglishidioms,aswellastheunderstandingandapplicationoftheidioms,whichcanhelpustobettercommunicatewitheachother.
Idiomistheessenceoflanguagethatpossessesauniquewayofexpressionbasedonitstime-honoreduse.(LiFuning,1979:
4)Inotherwords,anidiomisafixedgroupofwordsorasingleword,orevenasentence,withaspecialmeaningthatcannotbeguessedfromitsstructure.Thatistosay,themeaningofanidiommustbeunderstoodasawhole.Asimpledefinitionoftheidiomwouldbetheuseofcommonwordsinaspecialsense.
2.1DefinitionofChineseIdioms
InChinese,therealsoexistlinguisticconstructswhicharesimilartoEnglishidioms,so-called“Chengyu”.SimilartoEnglishidiom,“Chengyu”arealsolexicalorwordgroupsandphraseswhichareestablishedthroughlongtimeofuseandareacceptedthroughpractice.ThisisthedefinitionofChineseidiominanarrowsense.Inabroadsense,theChinese“equivalent”for“idiom”is“Chengyu”,itreferstoakindofasetphraseorsentencefixedbylongusage.AccordingtoCihai(Xia,1999),“Shuyuarefixedphrasesorsentencesofalanguage,whichcannotbemodifiedarbitrarily.Theymustbeinterpretedasasemanticunit.Theyincludesetphrases,proverbs,maxims,locutionsandtwo-partallegoricalsayings,etc.”AChineseidiomisnewlydefinedas“aChineseidiom,constitutedbywords,relativelyfixedinstructure,isanarrativelanguageunitwhichcanperformamultipleoffunctions.”(Wen,2005:
17)
2.2DefinitionofEnglishIdioms
AccordingtoWarren,theword“idiom”inEnglishisusedtodescribespecialphrasesthatareanessentialpartofalanguage.Thesephrasesneednotfollownormalgrammarrulesinthelanguageandcanhavebothidiomaticandlitermeaning.AnEnglishidiomisdefinedintheWebster’sNewWorldDictionaryoftheAmericanLanguage,2ndcollegeedition,1972as“anacceptedphrase,construction,orexpressioniscontrarytotheusualpatternsofthelanguageorhavingameaningofdifferentfromliteral”.IntheCambridgeAdvancedLearner’sDictionary,itsdefinitionis“agroupofwordsinafixedorderhavingaparticularmeaning,differentfromthemeaningofeachwordunderstoodonitsown”.
Inabroadsense,Englishidiomscoverallofthefollowingforms:
setphrases,proverbs,commonsayings,colloquialisms,allusionsandslangs.Herethreeimportantformsofidiomsareselectedforexplanation.
Anidiomisaturnofphrasewhichmayseemincomprehensibletosomeonewhoisnotfamiliarwiththelanguageinwhichitisspoken.Asageneralrule,idiomsarealsoverydifficulttotranslate,exceptinaveryroundaboutway.Idiomsareextremelydifficulttolearn,andmanylanguagelearnerscitethemasoneofthemorechallengingpartsofthoroughlyunderstandinglanguageandculture.Becauseidiomsareusedsofrequentlyandextensively,severalcompaniesmakeidiomdictionarieswhichlistidiomsandtheirproperusageforlanguagelearners.
Weresomeonetolookatthewordsofanidiomalone,theymighthavedifficultyunderstandingthemeaningofthephrase.Forexample,manyEnglishspeakerssaythatsomeone“kickedthebucket”whentheydied.Thispeculiaruseoflanguageisnottakenliterally,butmostEnglishspeakersunderstandit,alongwiththousandsofotheridioms.Inotherinstances,anidiommayreferenceaculturalbodyofknowledgesuchasliterature,whichcanbeconfusingtosomeonewhoisnotsteepedinthatculture.
Popularsayingsareoftenidioms,asisthecasewith“letthecatoutofthebag.”Inthissense,acatisnotliterallybeingletoutofthebag,andthelistenerunders
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