美国文学史复习整理Word格式文档下载.docx
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美国文学史复习整理Word格式文档下载.docx
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CaptainJohnSmith
WilliamBradford
JohnWinthrop
CottonMather
AnneBradstreet
EdwardTaylor
AmericanPuritanism
•Theystressedpredestination,originalsin,totaldepravity,andlimitedatonementfromGod’sgrace.
•TheywenttoAmericatoprovethattheywereGod’schosenpeoplewhowouldenjoyGod’sblessingsonearthandinHeaven.
•Finally,theybuiltawayoflifethatstressedhardwork,thrift,piety,andsobriety.
•Bothdoctrinaireandanopportunist.
LiteraryInfluence:
•AmericanLiteratureisbasedonamyth------theBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden.
•TheAmericanPuritan’smetaphoricalmadeofperception----symbolism.
Chapter2Edwards·
Franklin·
Crevecoeur
•JonathanEdwardsandBenjaminFranklinsharedthe18thcenturybetweenthem.
•TheyembodiedPuritannaï
veidealismandcrudematerialism.
•Deism
•Theywerenotinterestedintheologybutinmansownnature.
JonathanEdward(1703-1758)
Edwardsembodiedthespiritofrevivalism(GreatAwakening)
Hehas2goals:
a.toevoketheoriginalsenseofreligiouscommitment.
b.b.speakaboutthedifferencebetweenheadthinkingandheartfeeling
Majorworks:
TheFreedomoftheWill(1754)
TheGreatDoctrineofOriginalSinDefended(1758)
TheNatureofTrueVirtue(1765)
Comments:
Edwardswas,probably,atoncethefirstmodernAmericanandthecountry’slastmedievalman.EdwardswasobviouslygrapplinginallhisintellectuallifewiththeknottyproblemofreconcilingPuritanideaswiththenewrationalismofLockeandNewton.Edwardsrepresentstheelementofpiety,thereligiouspassion,theaspectofemotionandecstasy,oftheNewEnglandtradition,atraditionthathedidhisbestbutfailedtorevitalize复活.和discovered,beneaththedogmasoftheoldtheology,adynamicworldfilledwiththepresenceofGod.
EdwardsextendstypologybeyondthestrictlimitsoftheBible,anticipatedthenaturesymbolismofthenineteenth-centuryTranscendentalism.
BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)
Lifestory:
•Bornin1706intoapoorcandle-maker’sfamilyinBoston.
•At17heranawaytoPhiladelphiatomakehisownfortune.Hisentranceontothecitymarkedthebeginningofalongsuccessstoryofanarchetypalkind.
•HehelpedfoundthePennsylvaniaHospital,anacademywhichledtotheUniversityofPennsylvania,andtheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety.
•DuringtheWarofIndependence,hewasmadeadelegatetotheContinentalCongressandamemberofthecommitteetowritetheDeclarationofIndependence.
•HewastheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheUnitedStatesincludingtheDeclarationofIndependence.
•Hewasregardedasthefatherofthecountry.
LiteraryAchievement
•Almanacautobiography(‘PoorRichard’sAlmanac’,‘Autobiography’)
HisStyle
•Clear,plain,formal(theorganizationofhismaterialisinformal)
MajorWorks:
1)PoorRichard’sAlmanac
2)TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin
•Ontheartofself-improvement
•Thefirstofitskindinliterature-------Anaccountofapoorboy’srisetowealthandfameandthefulfillmentoftheAmericandream
•APuritandocument------aself-examinationandself-improvement.ThebookisaconvincingillustrationofthePuritanethicthat,inordertogetonintheword,onehastobeindustrious,frugal,andprudent.
•Aneloquentelucidation说明ofthefactthatFranklinwasthespokesmanofAmericanenlightenment,andherepresentedinAmericaallitsideas.
•ThebookcelebratesthefulfillmentoftheAmericandream.
HectorSt.JohndeCrevecoeur
Work:
LettersfromanAmericanFarmer(1775)
ThefirsteightofthetwelvelettersrevealtheprideofamanbeinganAmerican.Itisevidentthat,toCrevecoeur,theAmericanisanewmanactingonprinciples:
Heisself-sufficient,self-reliant,andessentiallyself-made.CrevecoeursawandspokeofthehopeofanewGardenofEdenmaterializinginAmerica.
Crevecoeuralsosawandspokeoftheillusorynatureofthatdream.Startingfromtheninthletter,hebegantospeakwithavoiceofadefinitelydisillusionedman.ThereinthesameNewWorld,hebecameawareoftheexistenceofslavery,avarice,violence,famineanddisease,andallotherformsoftheAtlantic.
Chapter3AmericanRomanticism·
Irving·
Cooper
AmericanRomanticism
1.CharacteristicsofRomanticism:
vRomanticismwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.(subjectivity)
vForromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.
vTheyemphasizedindividualism,placingtheindividualagainstthegroup,againstauthority.
vTheaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheself,andwantedtobefreetodevelopandexpresshisowninnerthoughts.
vTypicalliteraryformsofromanticismincludeballad,lyric,sentimentalcomedy,problemnovel,historicalnovel,gothicromance,metricalromance,sonnet.
2.DistinctivefeaturesofAmericanRomanticism
•theendofthe18th\centurythroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.
•stronglyinfluencedbyEuropeanculture
•Americanromanticstendedtomoralize
3.Maincontents:
theexoticlandscape,thefrontierlife,thewestwardexpansion,themythofaNewGardenEdeninAmerica(thenativematerials)NewEnglandPoems
•Itproducedafeelingof“Newness”whichinspiredtheromanticimagination..
4.Representatives:
•NewEnglandPoets:
WilliamCullenBryant;
HenryWadsworthLongfellow;
•Writers:
JamesFenimaoreCooper,WashingtonIrving
ElementsofRomanticism
•Frontier:
vastexpanse,freedom,nogeographiclimitations.
•Optimism:
greaterthaninEuropebecauseofthepresenceoffrontier.
•Experimentation:
inscience,ininstitutions.
•Minglingofraces:
immigrantsinlargenumbersarrivetotheUS.
•Growthofindustrialization:
polarizationofnorthandsouth;
northbecomesindustrialized,southremainsagricultural
RomanticSubjectMatter
•1.
Thequestforbeauty:
non-didactic,“purebeauty”
•2.
Theuseofthefar-awayandnon-normal----antiqueandfanciful:
•a.
Inhistoricalperspective:
antiquarianism;
antiquingorartificiallyaging;
interestinthepast.
•b.
Characterizationandmood:
grotesque,Gothicism,senseofterror,fear;
useoftheoddandqueer.
•3.
Escapism----fromAmericanproblems
•4.
Interestinexternalnature:
foritself,forbeauty
Natureassourcefortheknowledgeofprimitive.
Natureasrefuge.
•c.
NatureasrevelationofGodtotheindividual.
RomanticAttitude
•Appealstoimagination;
useofthe“willingsuspensionofdisbelief.”
•Stressonemotionratherthanreason;
optimism,geniality.
•Subjectivity:
informandmeaning.
RomanticTechniques
Remotenessofsettingsintimeandspace.
Improbableplots.
Inadequateorunlikelycharacterization.
Authorialsubjectivity.
•5.
Socially“harmfulmorality”,aworldof“lies”
•6.
Organicprincipleinwriting:
formrisesoutofcontent,non-formal.
•7.
Experimentationinnewforms:
pickingupandusingobsoletepatterns.
•8.
Cultivationoftheindividualized,subjectiveformofwriting.
WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)
1.Masterpieces:
“TheSketchBookofGeoffreyGrayon”(1819-1820)
“BracebridgeHall”
“TalesofaTraveller”
“TheHistoryoftheLifeandVoyagesofChristopherColumbus”
TheSketchBook(1819),containstwomostenduringstories“RipVanWinkle”and“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”.Inboththesestories,Irvingaimsatcreatingapastinwhichhistoryandmythblendintoeachother,providingforarapidlychangingAmericansocietykindofhistoricaltraditionsoapparentinEnglandandsoapparentlyabsentinthenewnation.TheplotsofbothstoriesarebasedonoldGermanfolktales.However,Irvingfillsthemwiththe“localcolor”ofNewYork’sHudsonRiverValley.In“TheLegend”,IrvingtellsofaConnecticutschoolmasterplyinghistradenearTarrytown,NewYork,amongtheDutchfamiliesthere.Aferventbelieverinwitchcraftandthespiritworld,IchabodCraneisalsooneofthefeweducatedmeninthecommunity,andassuchisanotablefigureinthearea.
Inall,TheSketchBookcontainsthirty-twostories.ThemajorityareonEuropeansubjects,mostlyEnglish.LikemanyimportantAmericanwritersafterhim,Irvingfoundthattherich,oldercultureoftheOldWorldgavehimalot
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