SocietyCouture CourseWord文件下载.docx
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SocietyCouture CourseWord文件下载.docx
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•ThisentiresystemisoftenspokenofasactingonPrecedent(i.e.ithasbeendonebefore).
StatuteLaws
•ThesearethelawswhichhavebeenpassedbyparliamentandapprovedbytheMonarch
•TheyarewrittenintheStatuteBooks.
•Theymustbeappliedbythecourtswhoarerequiredtointerpretthemaccordingtotheintentionsofparliament.
•TheCourtshavenopowertore-writeStatuteLaw.
CommonLaw
•Asasocietydevelopsthingsareseenaseitherrightorwrongbythemembersofthatsociety.
•Thesearepartoftheconventionsthatregulatetheday-to-daybehaviourofthemembersofthatsociety.
•Somethingsaresoimportantthattheygiverisetoseriousdisputeswithinsociety.
•IntheUKtheCourtshavesettledthesedisputes,andtheirrulingsestablishwhatisCommonLaw.
Convention
•Aconventionisanacceptedwayinwhichthingsaredone:
•ManyUKconventionsareancientinorigin,andgobacktothefoundationoftheparliamentarysysteminthe13thcentury.
•Conventionsarenotformallyenforceableina
courtoflaw.Thatthemonarchacceptsthelawspassedbyparliamentisanimportantconvention.
•Conventionscanbechangediftheyarefoundnottoworkinthemodernworld.
•MagnaCartaortheGreatCharter,isanextremelyimportantdocumentthatunderliesboththeBritishandAmericanConstitutions.
•ItisconsideredasthefoundationofthecivillibertiesenjoyedbyEnglishsubjects.
•ItsprovisionswereadoptedinthevariousDeclarationsofRightsthatgovernedthe13AmericanColoniesandformedthebasisoftheBillofRightsintheAmericanConstitution.
•MagnaCartawasarguablythemostsignificantearlyinfluenceontheextensivehistoricalprocessthatledtotheruleof
constitutionallaw
todayinthe
Englishspeakingworld.
•ItrequiredJohn
toproclaimcertainrightsoffreemen,respectcertain
legalprocedures,andacceptthathis
will
couldbe
boundbythelaw.
•ItexplicitlyprotectedcertainrightsoftheKing'
ssubjects,andimplicitlysupportedwhatbecamethe
writ
of
habeascorpus,allowingappealagainstunlawfulimprisonment.
UKBillofRights
•MonarchseasilycontrolledparliamentandthisledtoCivilWarandtheexecutionofCharlesIin1649.
•ElevenyearsofPuritanrulewereendedbytheRestoration1660.Bythenanti-CatholicsentimenthadbeeninstitutionalisedandwhenCatholicJamesIIsucceededin1685,CivilWaragainloomed.
•ParliamentforcedJamestofleeandthethronewasusurpedbyhisdaughterMaryandherhusbandWilliamofOrange.
•ThepricetheypaidwasthealmostcompletesurrenderofpowerfromthemonarchtoParliament.
•ThiswasenshrinedintheBillofRights.
Parliament
ParliamentaryDemocracy(UK):
∙TheUKPolityhasthreebranches;
TheMonarchy,theHouseofLords(UpperHouse)&
theHouseofCommons(LowerHouse).
∙TheMonarchinheritsherposition;
allnewlawsmustbesignedbyher.Shehasnopowertoinitiatelegislation,buyshecanrefusetodoso.Inpracticeshealwayssigns.
∙MembersoftheHouseofLordseitherinherittheirseatsorareappointedbythePrimeMinister.Theyhavenopowertoinitiatelegislation.Theymaysuggestamendmentstonewlaws,whichmayormaynotbeaccepted.Theycanonlydelayanewlawbyuptooneyear,afterthatitisautomaticallyenacted.
∙TheHouseofCommonsistheonlybranchwhichiselectedbythepeople.Thereare646MembersofParliament(MPs),eachrepresentingasingleconstituency.
∙BylawanewHouseofCommonsmustbeelectedevery5years,althoughinpracticeitisusuallyaround4years.
∙TheHouseofCommonschoosesthePrimeMinister(PM),whoisusuallytheleaderofthePartywhichhasthemostseatsintheHouse.
∙TherearenolimitsonthenumberofyearsaPrimeMinistermayremaininoffice.
∙ThePMappointsthegovernment.IntheUKthisiscarriedoutbyaCabinetofMinisters.AllnewlegislationisintroducedbytheCabinetandvotedonbytheMPs.
∙AllpoliticalpowerisinthehandsofthePM.
MagnaCarta
•BytheendofthereignofHenryIIin1189,theKingsthatfollowedWilliamtheConqueror,hadgreatlyconsolidatedtheirpowerandruledEnglandasabsolutemonarchs.
•AtthatperiodinEurope,itwaswidelyacceptedthataconsecratedkingderivedhispowerfromGod.
•Henrywassucceededbyhissecondson,Richard,in1199.
•RichardhadspentmostofhisreignonCrusadeandearnedthetitleTheLionhearted.
•Duringhisprolongedabsences,Englandbecamerestless.HisregentwashisyoungerbrotherJohn,wholackedanysenseofjudgement.
•WhenJohnsucceededRichardin1199hewasalreadydeeplyunpopularwiththeBarons(thenobility)andalso,crucially,theChurch.
•TherewerethreeaspectstothepoliticalsituationthatledtoMagnaCarta:
•ThestrugglebetweentheChurchandtheCrown;
•GrowingresentmentatthetaxationlevelsbeingimposedbytheCrownontheBarons;
•AnunderlyingresentmentoftheruleoftheFrenchandawishtoreturntotheoldEnglishlawsoftheAnglo-Saxonperiod.
•TheMedievalCatholicChurchwasallpowerfulinEurope.
•TheheadoftheChurch,thePope,hadprecedentoverallkingsandwieldedimmensepoliticalpower.
•AllChurchappointments(Bishops,Archbishopsetc.)wereamatterforthePopeonly.
•TheChurchoperateditsownlegalsystemsothatpriestswerenotsubjecttocommonlaw.
•HenryIIfrequentlyclashedwithoftheArchbishopofCanterbury.
•ThemainclasheswereoverthelegaljurisdictionsofCrownandChurch.
•'
Sanctuary'
allowedanyaccusedpersontoseekrefugeinachurchandplacehiscasebeforeGod.Thecivilpowerswereforbiddentoenterthechurchinpursuitofhim.
•Iftheaccusedcouldreadorwrite,hewasgranted"
BenefitofClergy"
whichmeantthathewouldbetriedinachurchcourtratherthanacivilcourt.
•Churchlawwasmorelenientanddidnotincludethedeathpenalty.
•Thesecondmostcontentiousissueconcernedmoney.
•Peter'
sPencewasanannualpaymentofonepennythateachfamilyhadtomaketothePope.
•ItwasdespatchedtoRomebytheArchbishopofCanterbury.
•HenrysawthisasataxonhissubjectsandarguedthattheCrownwasentitledtoashare.
•Naturally,thePopeandArchbishopdismissedthisclaim.
•WhenArchbishopTheobalddiedin1162,HenryappointedhisChancellor,Thomasa'
BecketasArchbishop.
•ThePopeobjectedandThomaswenttoRome,returningtoEnglandachangedman.
•HerefusedtodoHenry'
sbiddingandwasevenmoreobstinateinupholdingtheprivilegesoftheChurch.
•HewasmurderedbyfourofHenry'
sKnightsasheprayedinCanterburyCathedralatChristmas1170.
•HeatoncebecameasaintandCanterburyashrineforpilgrims.
•AfterBecket'
smurder,therelationshipbetweenCrownandChurchslippedintoanuneasytruce.
•Johnwastochangeallthat.In1205,thePopeappointedanewArchbishop,butJohnrefusedtoallowhimtoenterthecountry.
•ThePopethenbannedallchurchservicesinEngland.Thisputthesoulsofallhissubjectsatgreatrisk,andJohneventuallygavein.
•PopeInnocentIIIexactedhisrevenge,andmadeJohnagreetopayhimmoneywheneverhedemandedit.Johnwasnowhumiliatedanddespisedbyhiscountrymen.
•TaxesleviedbyKingJohnwereextortionate.Hisreprisalsagainstdefaulterswereruthlessandhisideajusticewaswidelycondemned.
•Peopleatallevelsofsocietysawhimasavariciousandgrasping.
•TheBaronsquarrelledwithhimoverhismethodsofrulingEngland.
•In1212heimposedheavytaxesontheBaronstopayforawarinFrance.
•ThiswastoomuchfortheBaronsandtheyconsultedwiththeArchbishop,StephenLangton.
•TheBaronsandStephenLangtondecidedtocurbtheKingandmakehimgovernbytheoldEnglishlawsthathadprevailedbeforetheNormanscame.
•ThedemandsoftheBaronsweredocumentedinthe'
ArticlesoftheBarons'
inJanuary1215.
•TheBaronstookuparmsagainstKingJohnandcapturedLondoninMay1215.
•TheywerewelcomedbythecitizensandtheTowerofLondonwasseized.Thecountrywasonthepointofcivilwar.
•InJunetheBarons,fullyarmedindefianceofallprotocol,tookKingJohnbysurpriseatWindsorCastle.
•HispositionwashopelessandheagreedtoameetingatRunnymede,westofLondonandneartoday'
sHeathrowairport.
•Aftersomenegotiation,JohncapitulatedandsignedtheagreementsonJune12.
•Theroyalchanceryproducedaformalroyalgrant,basedontheagreementsreachedatRunnymede,whichbecameknownasMagnaCarta
•Insummary,thedocumentstipulatesthat:
•TheChurchwastobefreefromroyalinterference,especiallyintheelectionofbishops;
•Notaxes,excepttheregularfeudaldues,wouldbeimposedwithouttheconsentoftheGreatCouncil,orParliament;
•AllaccusedpersonshadarighttoTrialbyJury;
•Allweightsandmeasuresweretobekeptuniformthroughouttherealm.
•ThemostsignificantclauseforKingJohnatthetime
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