英语论文 大学商务写作Final business report about euthanasiaWord格式文档下载.docx
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英语论文 大学商务写作Final business report about euthanasiaWord格式文档下载.docx
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Thepurposeofthereportistocollectabouteuthanasia’sinformationfromalargeamountofcrediblenewssources,publishedliteratureandclassicalarticles.Thesematerialsandargumentswillbedividedintosevenaspectstoshowtoyou.
Citations:
•FromOxfordDictionary,euthanasiameanspainlesskillingofapatientsufferingfromanincurableandpainfuldisease.
•Euthanasiaapplicationconditions:
first,thepatient'
sdiseasecannotbehealedbycurrentmedicalscience.Second,thediseasecausesthepatientphysicalandmentalpain.Bothofthemareindispensable.
•Deathmustistheendoflifeanditwaitingforeveryone.Nobodycanavoidit.Sotherightofsubsistencebelongstoourselves,wereservetherighttohandleourlife,includingchoosingthemannertoendourlife,likeeuthanasia.
•Asthemedicalsciencedeveloping,therewillnobeincurablediseasesanditisnotgoodatencouragingthedevelopmentofbreakthroughincurableresearch.
•EuthanasiaisagainstthelawintheUKwhereitisillegaltohelpanyonekillthemselves.Voluntaryeuthanasiaorassistedsuicidecanleadtoimprisonmentofupto14years.
•LegislatingabouteuthanasiamusttocombinewithdeatheducationandHospice.
•Societypaysmoreandmoreattentiontoeuthanasia.Notonlyreflectstheconsciousnessofhumanrightshasbeenimproved,butalsoshowthatoursocialcivilizationlevelisrising.Itismeaningful.
Summary:
IThedefinitionsofeuthanasiainmanydictionariesandlaws
IIExecutionstandardsoftakingeuthanasia
IIIThepositiveattitudestowardseuthanasia
IVThenegativeattitudestowardseuthanasia
VEuthanasiapolicyineachcountry
VIManyissueneedtosolve
ReportBody:
(Keywords:
definitions,dictionary)
ThewordofeuthanasiacomesfromGreekword‘eu’and‘thanatos’,itiscomposedoftowwordsbeautyanddeath.①Voluntaryeuthanasiaforolderpeoplefoundapprovalincertainancientsocietiesbutbecamemorallyunacceptablewiththeriseoforganisedreligion–Judaism,ChristianityandIslamcondemneuthanasiaandBuddhismandHinduismgenerallyfrownonthepractice.Theoldmeaningofthewordisdiedquietlyandpeacefullywithoutdiseasepain.Atpresent,whenwelookitupindictionarywecanfindthateuthanasiameanspainlesskillingofapatientsufferingfromanincurableandpainfuldiseasefromOxfordDictionary.②Euthanasiaisaterminationofaverysickperson'
slifeinordertorelievetheirsuffering.Apersonwhoundergoeseuthanasiausuallyhasanincurablecondition.Butthereareotherinstanceswheresomepeoplewanttheirlifetobeended.
Execution,Standards)
Euthanasiaapplicationconditions:
sdiseasecannot
behealedbycurrentmedicalscience.Second,thediseasecausesthepatientphysicalandmentalpain.Bothofthemareindispensable.③LiAnhua,doctor,ShenzhenRedCrossHospitalEuthanasiameanstheterminationoflifebyadoctorattheexpressedwishofapatient.Therequesttothedoctormustbevoluntary,explicitandcarefullyconsideredanditmusthavebeenmaderepeatedly.④
Positive,Attitudes)
Deathmustistheendoflifeanditwaitingforeveryone.Nobodycanavoiditandwemusthaveameetingwithit.Sotherightofsubsistencebelongstoourselves,wereservetherighttohandleourlife,includingchoosingthemannertoendourlife,choosingawaydecentlycomfortableformofdeathtoending.Thisshouldn’tviolatethelawandmorality.⑤Approximately4,000patientsayeardiethroughactiveeuthanasiaintheformofalethalinjectionthatkillsinminutes.OverhalfofDutchdoctorshaveperformedmercykillingswiththerequiredconsentandconsultationandatleast90%ofthepopulationsupporteuthanasia.TheBMJstudyfoundthatin1995almosttwothirdsofcasesofeuthanasiaandphysician-assistedsuicidewentunreported.⑥Mostpeoplethinkunbearablepainisthemainreasonpeopleseekeuthanasia,butsomesurveysintheUSAandtheNetherlandsshowedthatlessthanathirdofrequestsforeuthanasiawerebecauseofseverepain.Terminallyillpeoplecanhavetheirqualityoflifeseverelydamagedbyphysicalconditionssuchasincontinence,nauseaandvomiting,breathlessness,paralysisanddifficultyinswallowing.Psychologicalfactorsthatcausepeopletothinkofeuthanasiainclude
depression,fearinglossofcontrolordignity,feelingaburden,ordislikeofbeingdependent.
Negative,Attitudes)
Asthemedicalsciencedeveloping,therewillnobeincurablediseasesanditisnotgoodatencouragingthedevelopmentofbreakthroughincurableresearch.⑦Ontheotherhand,Iwouldworryaboutpsychologicalpressurestooptforeuthanasia.Ihavereadthat,forexample,whentheStateofOregonrefusestopayforanexpensivenewdrugforanelderlypatient,itautomaticallysendsoutareminderthattheStateassistedsuicideprogrammeisavailableataffordablerates.⑧
policy,eachcountry)
EuthanasiaisagainstthelawintheUKwhereitisillegaltohelpanyonekillthemselves.Voluntaryeuthanasiaorassistedsuicidecanleadtoimprisonmentofupto14years.⑨EuthanasiahasbeencommonplaceinHollandfor25years,andlegalchallengehasbeenrare.IthasnotbeenacriminaloffenceinHollandsince1984,whencourtsandtheRoyalDutchMedicalAssociationdrewupstrictguidelinesfordoctors.EuthanasiahasbeendebatedinAmericaandEuropesincethe19thcenturybutonlyrecentlyreceivedlegalsanctioninafewcountries.In1993theNetherlandsdecriminalizedphysician-assistedsuicideandfurtherrelaxedrestrictionsin2002.Euthanasiaislegallyallowedtheresolongas:
thepatient’ssufferingisunendurable;
theconditionunimprovable;
thepatientpersistentlyandvoluntarilyrequestseuthanasia;
isatleast12yearsold;
andisfullyawareofhisorhercondition.Belgiumalsoapprovedphysician-assistedsuicidein2002.⑩In1994theStateofOregon,US,enactedtheDeathwithDignityActallowingdoctorstoassistpatientswithsixmonthsorlesstolivetoendtheirlives.In2008WashingtonbecamethesecondUSStatetolegalizephysician-assistedsuicide.
Issue,Solve)
TheproposedchangesinDutchlawhavethebroadsupportofpoliticians.WillieSwiden,oftheDutchAll-PartyJusticeCommittee,said:
"
Wewanttochangethepenalcodesothateuthanasiawillstayacrimeoffence,butwhenthedoctorhandlesitproperly,meetsallthecriteriaandreportsproperlytherewillbenopossibilityofprosecution."
Buttherearefearsthatthesystemisalreadybeingabused.Anecdotalevidencesuggeststhatsomeelderlypeoplecarrycardssayingtheydonotwanteuthanasia.Itissaidtheyfearwhatwillhappeniftheyaresuddenlyhospitalized.Opponentsofeuthanasiawarnthattheliberalattitudetoeuthanasiaisfraughtwithdangers.Theysayeuthanasiahasbeenofferedtopeoplesufferingfromdepression,orevenasaconvenience.DrBenZylicz,oftheDutchLeagueofDoctors,said:
IhaveheardaboutapatientwherethefamilycamefromCanadabecauseofplannedeuthanasia."
Thepatientsaid,'
no,nottodayIdon'
twantitanymore'
andeverybodypressedhimsaying'
lookyourfamilycamefromCanada,theycannotdoitagain.⑾Euthanasiaraisesanumberofagonisingmoraldilemmas:
•isiteverrighttoendthelifeofaterminallyillpatientwhoisundergoingseverepainandsuffering?
•underwhatcircumstancescaneuthanasiabejustifiable,ifatall?
•isthereamoraldifferencebetweenkillingsomeoneandlettingthemdie?
Attheheartoftheseargumentsarethedifferentideasthatpeoplehaveaboutthemeaningandvalueofhumanexistence.
Conclusion:
Fromallreportbody,wemusttothinkdeeplyaboutthequestion.Societypaysmoreandmoreattentiontoeuthanasia.Notonlyreflectstheconsciousnessofhumanrightshasbeenimproved,butalsoshowthatoursocialcivilizationlevelisrising.Westarttothinkaboutthevalueofdeath,weknow,thepersonaliveismeaningfulandvaluable,whenthemandied,alsohavespecialmeaning,heorsheobtainthefreeoflifeanddignity.Inotherword,ourdeathalsoneedstobedignity.Euthanasiaisacomplexprobleminvolvesmedicine,laws,sociology,politicalscienceandethics,moral,customsandsoon.Wemustregardthisissueasimportantsegmentofhumancivilizationdevelopment,itmustbelistedinagenda.
CitationSourceList:
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TreatLifeandDeath>
writtenbyZhangtao,pritedbyShaanxiNormalUniversityPress,2000,page247
⑧HughAnderson,theMontrealGazette,Monday,15February,2010
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writtenbyWilliamReville,Friday,16April,2010
⑾http:
//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/background_briefings/euthanasia/331270.stm
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