科技英语Word文件下载.docx
- 文档编号:22839236
- 上传时间:2023-02-05
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:45
- 大小:49.67KB
科技英语Word文件下载.docx
《科技英语Word文件下载.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《科技英语Word文件下载.docx(45页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
PartIIVocabularyandStructure
20道选择题,每题1分,共计20分
PartIIICloze
一篇文章20道题目,每题0.5分,共计10分
PartIVBlank-filling
10个英文句子,每题2分,共计20分
根据括弧中的提示写出形式和拼写正确的单词
PartVTranslation
5个英语句子翻译成汉语,每题3分,共计15分
PartVITranslation
5个汉语句子翻译成英语,每题3分,共计15分
要求用括弧中给定的英语短语完成。
PartIReadingComprehension
Passage1
Geologyisanaturalscience.Withitmencandiscoverallkindsofusefulminerals.Geologystudiestheearth.Butofthethreespheres,theatmosphere,thehydrosphereandthelithosphere,itonlydirectlystudiesthelithosphere.Itstudiesthecompositionanddistributionofmaterialintheearth’scrust.Itstudiesalsotheformation,changesanddevelopmentofrocksandmineralsintheearth’scrust.
Geologyisaverycomplexscience.Therearemanybranchesingeology.Mineralogyisthescienceoftheminerals.Petrologyisthescienceoftherocks.Geomorphologydealswithoriginoflandscapesandchangesinthem.Historicalgeologytracestheevolutionanddevelopmentoftheearthandoftheanimalsandplantsonit.Stratigraphystudiesthesequenceoftherocksintheearth’scrust.Paleontologydealswiththeancientanimalsandplants.Thesearejustafewofthemostimportantbranchesofgeology.
Geologyisaveryimportantscience.Wedependupongeologyforthediscoveryofmineraldepositsneededbythevariousindustries.Alotofmineralsareusedasfuelandrawmaterials.Withoutthemindustrializationisimpossible.Mineralsarealsousedasfertilizersinagriculture.Chinaisveryrichinmineraldepositsofallkinds.Thestudyofgeologywillhelpustodiscoverthem.
Petroleumoccurswidelyintheearthasgas,liquid,semisolid,orsolid,orinmorethanoneofthesestatesatasingleplace.Chemicallyanypetroleumisanextremelycomplexmixtureofhydrocarbon(hydrogenandcarbon)compounds,withminoramountsofnitrogen,oxygen,andsulfurasimpurities.Liquidpetroleum,whichiscalledcrudeoiltodistinguishitfromrefinedoil,isthemostimportantcommercially.Itconsistschieflyoftheliquidhydrocarbons,withvaryingamountsofdissolvedgases,bitumens,andimpurities.
Petroleumgas,commonlycallednaturalgastodistinguishitfrommanufacturedgas,consistsofthelighterparaffinhydrocarbons,ofwhichthemostabundantismethanegas(CH4).Thesemisolidandsolidformsofpetroleumconsistoftheheavyhydrocarbonsandbitumens.
Geologyplaysanimportantroleinthesearchforoilandnaturalgas.Fourprerequisitesarenecessaryforoil(andgas)toaccumulateincommercialquantitiesinanarea:
(1)Theoiloriginatesinasourcebed,andamarineshale,onceablackmudrichinorganiccompounds,isthoughttobeacommonsourcerock.
(2)Theoilthenmigratestoapermeablereservoirrock,andtodothisitmaytravelforlongdistancesbothverticallyandhorizontally.Oilcannotmovethroughthetinyopeningsoftheshalesourcebedsrapidlyenoughtobeextractedprofitably.(3)Anonpermeablelayermustoccuraboveareservoirbed.Sinceoilislighterthanwater,ittendstomoveupwardthroughopeningsandcracksuntilitencountersimperviousbedsthatitcannotpenetrate.Theoilmaythenaccumulatebeneaththeimperviouslayers.Somegasoccursinsolutionwithintheoil,andifenoughispresentitseparatesouttooccupytheuppermostregionofsuchatrap.(4)Afavorablestructuremustexisttoconcentratetheoilandanticlines,saltplugs,andfaultsarecommonexamples.Afaultzonemayitselfbeimpervious,orfaultingmayhaveshiftedanimperviousbedsothatitnowblocksareservoirbed.Stratigraphictrapstendtobemoredifficulttolocateandmayformwheretiltedreservoirbedsareoverlainunconformablybyimperviouslayersorwherethereservoirbedsbecomethinnerup-dipandwedgeoutwithinenclosingimperviousbeds.Thusoilthatwasoncedistributedinsparseamountsthroughoutaverylargevolumeofrockmaynowberichlyconcentratedwithintheuppermostportionsoffavorablereservoirrocks.
Thetaskofthegeologististhelocationofpromisingstructuresinregionswhererocksarefavorablefortheoccurrenceoftheotherprerequisites.Drillingaholeisthentheonlyknownmethodofdeterminingwhetherornotoilispresentinthestructure.
1.Whatismainlydealtwithinthepassage?
A.Theformationofoil.B.Theformationofrocks.
C.Thegeneralintroductionofgeology.D.Therolesofgeologyinfindingoil.
2.GeologyisanaturalscienceanditdoesNOTstudy______.
A.themineralsintheearth’scrust
B.therocksintheearth’scrust
C.theevolutionanddevelopmentoftheearth
D.theoriginoftheatmospheresurroundingtheearth
3.Oneprerequisiteforoiltoaccumulateinquantityisthattheoiloriginatesin______.
A.asourcerockB.ablackmud
C.theseawaterD.organiccompounds
4.Intheformationofoil,anonpermeablelayeraboveareservoirbedisnecessarybecauseitcan______.
A.acceleratethetravelspeedoftheoilB.hindertheoiltomoveupward
C.helptheoiltomoveupwardD.helppeopletodiscovertheoil
5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?
A.Drillingaholeisoneoftheknownmethodsofdeterminingwhetherornotoilispresentinthestructure.
B.Ageologistusuallytriestolocatepromisingstructuresinregionswhererocksarefavorablefortheoccurrenceoftheotherprerequisites.
C.Anunfavorablestructuremustexisttoconcentratetheoil.
D.Apermeablelayermustoccuraboveareservoirbed.
Passage2
Inordertotalkaboutthenatureoftheuniverseandtodiscussquestionssuchaswhetherithasabeginningoranend,youhavetobeclearaboutwhatascientifictheoryis.Ishalltakethesimple-mindedviewthatatheoryisjustamodeloftheuniverse,orarestrictedpartofit,andasetofrulesthatrelatequantitiesinthemodeltoobservationsthatwemake.Itexistsonlyinourmindsanddoesnothaveanyotherreality.Atheoryisagoodtheoryifitsatisfiestworequirements.Itmustaccuratelydescribealargeclassofobservationsonthebasisofamodelthatcontainsonlyafewarbitraryelements,anditmustmakedefinitepredictionsabouttheresultsoffutureobservations.Forexample,Aristotle’stheorythateverythingwasmadeoutoffourelements,earth,air,fire,andwater,wassimpleenoughtoqualify,butitdidnotmakeanydefinitepredictions.Ontheotherhand,Newton’stheoryofgravitywasbasedonanevensimplermodel,inwhichbodiesattractedeachotherwithaforcethatwasproportionaltoaquantitycalledtheirmassandinverselyproportionaltothesquareofthedistancebetweenthem.Yetitpredictsthemotionofthesun,themoon,andtheplanetstoahighdegreeofaccuracy.
Anyphysicaltheoryisalwaysprovisional,inthesensethatitisonlyahypothesis:
youcanneverproveit.Nomatterhowmanytimestheresultsofexperimentsagreewithsometheory,youcanneverbesurethatthenexttimetheresultwillnotcontradictthetheory.Ontheotherhand,youcandisproveatheorybyfindingevenasingleobservationthatdisagreeswiththepredictionsofthetheory.Inpractice,whatoftenhappensisthatanewtheorythatisdevisedisreallyanextensionoftheprevioustheory.
Theeventualgoalofscienceistoprovideasingletheorythatdescribesthewholeuniverse.However,theapproachmostscientistsactuallyfollowistoseparatetheproblemintotwoparts.First,therearethelawsthattellushowtheuniversechangeswithtime.Ifweknowwhattheuniverseislikeatanyonetime,thesephysicallawstellushowitwilllookatanylatertime.Second,thereisthequestionoftheinitialstateoftheuniverse.Somepeoplefeelthatscienceshouldbeconcernedwithonlythefirstpart;
theyregardthequestionoftheinitialsituationasamatterforreligion.TheywouldsaythatGodcouldhavestartedtheuniverseoffanywayhewanted.Thatmaybeso,butinthatcasehealsocouldhavemadeitdevelopinacompletelyarbitraryway.Yetitappearsthathechosetomakeitevolveinaveryregularwayaccordingtocertainlaws.Itthereforeseemsequallyreasonabletosupposethattherearealsolawsgoverningtheinitialstate.
Itturnsouttobeverydifficulttodeviseatheorytodescribetheuniverseallinonego.Instead,webreaktheproblemupintobitsandinventanumberofpartialtheories.Eachofthesepartialtheoriesdescribesandpredictsacertainlimitedclassofobservations,neglectingtheeffectsofotherquantities,orrepresentingthembysimplesetsofnumbers.Itmaybethatthisapproachiscompletelywrong.Ifeverythingintheuniversedependsoneverythingelseinafundamentalway,itmightbeimpossibletogetclosetoafullsolutionbyinvestigatingpartsoftheprobleminisolation.Nevertheless,itiscertainlythewaythatwehavemadeprogressinthepast.TheclassicalexampleistheNewtoniantheoryofgravity,whichtellsusthatthegravitationalforcebetweentwobodiesdependsonlyononenumberassociatedwitheachbody,itsmass,butisotherwiseindependentofwhatthebodiesaremadeof.Thusonedoesnotneedtohaveatheoryofthestructureandconstitutionofthesunandtheplanetsinordertocalculatetheirorbits.
Todayscientistsdescribetheuniverseontermsoftwobasicpartialtheories—thegeneraltheoryofrelativityandquantummechanics.Theyarethegreatintellectualachievementsofthefirsthalfofthiscentury.Thegeneraltheoryofrelativitydescribestheforceofgravityandthelarge-scalestructureoftheuniverse.Quantummechanics,ontheotherhand,dealswithphenomenaonextremelysmallscales,suchasamillionthofamillionthofaninch.Unfortunately,how
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 科技 英语