对于meaning的理解论文.docx
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对于meaning的理解论文.docx
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对于meaning的理解论文
对于meaning的理解论文
篇一:
英语词汇学论文Meaning_changes_in_EnglishOntheChangeinWordMeaning1.IntroductionWiththeflyingdevelopmentofhumansociety,languagesastoolsforpeopletoexpressandcommunicatetheirideaschangesconstantlyandfrequently.Whilevocabularyisthemostunstableelementoflanguageasitisundergoingconstantchangesbothincontentandform.Ofcourse,somemeaningsremainmuchthesameforalongtimebecausethereferentstowhichtheydirectusdonotchange.Frequently,anoldformorwordsarepressedintonewservicewhenanewlinguisticneedisfelt.Whenawordlosesitsoldmeaningandcomestorefertosomethingdifferent,theresultisachangeinwordmeaning.Changeofmeaningreferstothealternationofthemeaningofexistingwords,aswellastheadditionofnewmeaningtoaparticularword.2.Typesofmeaningchanges2.1ExtensionofMeaningItisaprocessbywhichawordwhichoriginallyhadaspecializedmeaninghasnowbecomegeneralizedorhasextendedtocoverabroaderandoftenlessdefiniteconcept.Forexample,?
lady”originallymeanshostess(womenofhouse)whileitspresentmeaningisanywomeninpoliteway.Suchassaleslady、cleaninglady、ladies?
room.Salarywas(Original)asumofmoneygiventoRomansoldierstoenablethemtobuysalt;andis(present)fixedpaymentmadebyemployeratregularintervalstoemployees.ExtensionofMeaningisnotonlyusedinnonebutalsoincludedverb、adjectiveandsoon.Forexample,“carry”originallymeans“transportbycart”(averb).butnowitisjustmeans“tansport”.theadjective“bullish”originalfrombullmarket(causingorassociatedwithariseinprise),andnowtheword?
smeaningextendedto“optimistic”.2.2NarrowingofMeaningItisaprocessbywhichawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarroworspecializedsense.Inotherwords,awordwhichusedtohaveamoregeneralsensebecomesrestrictedinitsapplicationandconveysaspecialconceptinpresent-dayEnglish.Thefollowingchartprovidesusdefinitedemonstration.Inaword,bothextensionandnarrowingofmeaningaretalkingaboutthechangesinconceptualmeaning.Nextwewilltalkaboutthechangesinassociativemeaning.2.3ElevationofMeaningElevationistheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningstopositionsofimportance.Elevationofmeaningisoneofthetendenciesofmeaningchange,whichchangesthemeaningofalinguisticsfromlowtohigh.Somewordsearlyintheirhistorysignifysomethingquiteloworhumble,butchangeastimegoesbytodesignatesomethingagreeableorpleasant.Forexample,theword?
inn”originallymeans“auberge”especiallythosepoorequipmenthousesinruralareaorroadside.Whileitspresentmeaningis“holidayinn”.Obviously,themeaningof“inn”iselevation.ministeroriginallymeans“aservantofmaster”topresentlyheadofadepartmentinanation”.2.4DegradationofMeaningItisaprocesswherebywordsofgoodoriginoraffectiveneutralityfallintoillreputationorcometobeusedinaderogatorysense.Forinstance,thewordsillymeanthappyandfortunateinoldEnglishperiod.InmiddleEnglishperioditmeant“innocentandharmless”whichexpressedamanwithunderdevelopmentintelligence.However,nowthemeaningoftheworddegeneratedtofoolishandimbecile.Therearestillsomeotherexamples:
Sad:
full,satisfied,contented-----calm------serious----sorrowfulCunning:
knowing,skillful-----sly,craftyWench:
girl,youngwomen-----dissolutewomen,prostitute3.Conclusion:
Takingintoaccountwhathasbeendiscussedabove,aconclusioncanbedrawnthatthewordsmeaninginEnglishisincessantlydevelopingandchanging.Thechangesaregradual,Itisimportantforthelanguagelearnerstobeacquaintedwiththechangingprinciplesandupdatetheirvocabulary,whenstudentsstudyalanguage,theycan?
tjustlearnitsgrammarorvocabulary,studentsshouldknowsomethingmore,likehowdidthiscome,howwouldthischanged.Themoreweaskedthemorewegot.Holdthisattitudecanmakeusbemoreprofessionalonourmajorsubject.篇二:
MeaningChangesinEnglish论文MeaningChangesinEnglishAbstract:
Asotherlanguagesintheworld,Englishchangesastimesgoesby.Englishformedanddevelopedovermanycenturiesintotheformtoday.StudyingthechangingprinciplesofwordsofEnglishwouldhelpusacquirefurtherawarenessofEnglishlexiconanddogoodtoourlanguageacquirement.Keywords:
Meaningchanges,Causes,Types1.IntroductionVocabularyisthemostunstableelementoflanguageasitisundergoingconstantchangesbothincontentandform.Ofcourse,somemeaningsremainmuchthesameforalongtimebecausethereferentstowhichtheydirectusdonotchange.Frequently,anoldformorwordsarepressedintonewservicewhenanewlinguisticneedisfelt.Whenawordlosesitsoldmeaningandcomestorefertosomethingdifferent,theresultisachangeinwordmeaning.Changeofmeaningreferstothealternationofthemeaningofexistingwords,aswellastheadditionofnewmeaningtoaparticularword.2.CauseofChangesinWordMeaningTherearegenerallytwomajorfactorsthatcausechangesinmeaning.2.1.Extra-linguisticFactors2.11HistoricalReasonAwordisretainedforanamethoughthemeaninghaschangedbecausethereferenthaschanged.E.g.PencilisfromLatinwordmeaning—alittletailorafinebrush,likeourChinesepen,later,whenitwasmadeofwoodandgraphite,itwasstillcalleda“pencil”.2.12ClassReasonLanguagerecordsthespeechandattitudeofdifferentsocialclasses,sodifferentsocialvarietiesoflanguagehavecomeintobeing.Theattitudeofclasseshasmadeioadsintolexicalmeaning,particularlyinthecaseofelevationanddegradation.Quiteanumberofwordsthatdenotedifferentsortsofworkingpeopleortheiroccupationshavedeterioratedandnowhavetakenonapejorativesense.“ill-mannedorbadpeople”.2.13PsychologyReason[1]Theassociatedtransferofmeaningandeuphemisticuseofwords,etc.isoftenduetopsychologicalfactors.Ittakesthreeforms(a)euphemism(b)grandiloquence(c)cynicism.Peoplechangewordmeaningowingtovariouspsychologicalmotives:
love,respect,courtesy,suspicious,pessimism,sarcasm,irony,contempt,hatred,etc.Thefactthatsomelow,humbleanddespisedoccupationsoftentakeonmoreappealingnamesisallduetopsychologicalreasons.Religiousinfluenceisanotherkindofpsychologicalneed.2.2LinguisticFactorsTheinternalfactorswithinthelanguagesystemconsistof:
①Onetypeofsuchchangeoccurswhenaphraseisshortenedtoonewordwhichretainsthemeaningofthewhole.(English=theEnglishLanguage)②Theinfluxofborrowingshascausedsomewordstochangeinmeaning.(deer,animal,beast)E.g.Churl,villain,hussy,wenchwhichwereoriginallyneutralincolorhavebeendown-gradedas③Thecompetitionofnativewordseventuallyyieldsthesemanticdivision.④Thechangeofmeaningisbroughtaboutbyanalogy.3.TypesofChanges3.1ExtensionofMeaningItisaprocessbywhichawordwhichoriginallyhadaspecializedmeaninghasnowbecomegeneralizedorhasextendedtocoverabroaderandoftenlessdefiniteconcept.[2]Forexample,salarywas(Original)asumofmoneygiventoRomansoldierstoenablethemtobuysalt;andis(present)fixedpaymentmadebyemployeratregularintervalstoemployees.AlargeproportionofpolysemicwordsofmodernEnglishhavetheirmeaningsextendedsometimeinthecourseofdevelopment.Somewordsaregeneralizedtosuchadegreethattheycanmeanalmosteverything.E.g:
thing,business,respect3.2NarrowingofMeaningItisaprocessbywhichawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarroworspecializedsense.Inotherwords,awordwhichusedtohaveamoregeneralsensebecomesrestrictedinitsapplicationandconveysaspecialconceptinpresent-dayEnglish.E.g:
wife---woman---marriedwomanmeat---food---fleshofanimals3.3ElevationofMeaningItistheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningstopositionsofimportance.Somewordsearlyintheirhistorysignifysomethingquiteloworhumble,butchangeastimegoesbytodesignatesomethingagreeableorpleasant.[3]E.g:
Nice(ignorant---foolish---delightful,pleasant)Fond(foolish---affectionate)Awesome(terrible---terrific)3.4DegradationofMeaningItisaprocesswherebywordsofgoodoriginoraffectiveneutralityfallintoillreputationorcometobeusedinaderogatorysense.E.g:
Silly:
blessedandhappy---innocent----simpleorsimple-minded----foolishSad:
full,satisfied,contented-----calm------serious----sorrowful3.5TransferenceofMeaningSomewordswhichwereusedtodesignateonethingbutlaterchangedtomeansomethingelsehaveexperiencedtheprocessofsemantictransfer,knownastransferenceortransferofmeaning.3.51AssociatedTransferTwoobjectshavesomesimilaritiesthatenablepeopletoassociateonetotheother.E.g:
thelipofawound;thetonguesoffire3.52TransferbetweenAbstractandConcreteMeanings①AbstracttoconcretemeaningE.g:
Roomformerlymeant“space”,nowithasdevelopedaconcrete“rooms”.②ConcretetoabstractmeaningE.g:
Grasp(original)afirmholdwiththehandsandarms(present)thepowerorabilitytounderstand3.53TransferbetweenSubjectiveandObjectiveMeaningsSomewordswereformerlyusedsubjectivelybutlatershiftedtoanobjectiveuse,andthesubjectivemeaningwastotallylost.E.g:
pitiful---fullofpity---deservingpity3.54SynesthesiaThiskindoftransfertakesplacebetweenwordsofsensation.Thatis,wordsusuallyassociatedwithonesenseareusedtodescribeanothersense.E.g:
Clear-sounding(fromsighttohearing)Warmcolors(fromtouchtosight)3.6EuphemismWhenpeopleuseeuphemismsthereisasemant
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