雅思写作经典范文10篇 二.docx
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雅思写作经典范文10篇 二.docx
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雅思写作经典范文10篇二
雅思写作经典范文10篇
(二)
11Archaeology
Archaeologyisasourceofhistory,notjustabumbleauxiliarydiscipline.Archaeological
dataarehistoricaldocumentsintheirownright,notmereillustrationstowrittentexts,Just
asmuchasanyotherhistorian,anarchaeologiststudiesandtriestoreconstitutethe
processthathascreatedthehumanworldinwhichwelive-andusourselvesinsofaras
weareeachcreaturesofourageandsocialenvironment.Archaeologicaldataareall
changesinthematerialworldresultingfromhumanactionor,moresuccinctly,the
fossilizedresultsofhumanbehavior.Thesumtotaloftheseconstituteswhatmaybe
calledthearchaeologicalrecord.Thisrecordexhibitscertainpeculiaritiesanddeficiencies
theconsequencesofwhichproducearathersuperficialcontrastbetweenarchaeological
historyandthemorefamiliarkindbaseduponwrittenrecords.
Notallhumanbehaviorfossilizes.ThewordsIutterandyouhearasvibrationsintheair
arecertainlyhumanchangesinthematerialworldandmaybeofgreathistorical
significance.Yettheyleavenosortoftraceinthearchaeologicalrecordsunlesstheyare
capturedbyaDictaphoneorwrittendownbyaclerk.Themovementoftroopsonthe
battlefieldmay"changethecourseofhistory,"butthisisequallyephemeralfromthe
archaeologist’sstandpoint.Whatareperhapsworse,mostorganicmaterialsare
perishable.Everythingmadeofwood,hide,wool,linen,grass,hair,andsimilarmaterials
willdecayandvanishindustinafewyearsorcenturies,saveunderveryexceptional
conditions.Inarelativelybriefperiodthearchaeologicalrecordisreducetomerescraps
ofstone,bone,glass,metal,andearthenware.Stillmodernarchaeology,byapplying
appropriatetechniquesandcomparativemethods,aidedbyafewluckyfindsfrom
peat-bogs,deserts,andfrozensoils,isabletofillupagooddealofthegap.
12Museums
FromBostontoLosAngeles,fromNewYorkCitytoChicagotoDallas,museumsare
eitherplanning,building,orwrappingupwholesaleexpansionprograms.Theseprograms
alreadyhaveradicallyalteredfacadesandfloorplansorareexpectedtodosointhe
not-too-distantfuture.
InNewYorkCityalone,sixmajorinstitutionshavespreadupandoutintotheairspace
andneighborhoodsaroundthemorarepreparingtodoso.
Thereasonsforthisconfluenceofactivityarecomplex,butonefactorisaconsideration
everywhere-space.Withcollectionsexpanding,withtheneedsandfunctionsof
museumschanging,emptyspacehasbecomeaverypreciouscommodity.
ProbablynowhereinthecountryisthismoretruethanatthePhiladelphiaMuseumofArt,
whichhasneededadditionalspacefordecadesandwhichreceiveditslastsignificant
facelifttenyearsago.Becauseofthespacecrunch,theArtMuseumhasbecome
increasinglycautiousinconsideringacquisitionsanddonationsofart,insomecases
passingupopportunitiestostrengthenitscollections.
Deaccessing-orsellingoff-worksofarthastakenonnewimportancebecauseofthe
museum’sspaceproblems.Andincreasingly,curatorshavebeenforcedtojugglegallery
space,rotatingonemasterpieceintopublicviewwhileanotherissenttostorage.
Despitetheclearneedforadditionalgalleryandstoragespace,however,"themuseum
hasnoplan,noplantobreakoutofitsenvelopeinthenextfifteenyears,"accordingto
PhiladelphiaMuseumofArt’spresident.
13SkyscrapersandEnvironment
Inthelate1960’s,manypeopleinNorthAmericaturnedtheirattentiontoenvironmental
problems,andnewsteel-and-glassskyscraperswerewidelycriticized.Ecologistspointed
outthataclusteroftallbuildingsinacityoftenoverburdenspublictransportationand
parkinglotcapacities.
Skyscrapersarealsolavishconsumers,andwasters,ofelectricpower.Inonerecentyear,
theadditionof17millionsquarefeetofskyscraperofficespaceinNewYorkCityraised
thepeakdailydemandforelectricityby120,000kilowatts-enoughtosupplytheentirecity
ofAlbany,NewYork,foraday.
Glass-walledskyscraperscanbeespeciallywasteful.Theheatloss(orgain)througha
wallofhalf-inchplateglassismorethantentimesthatthroughatypicalmasonrywall
filledwithinsulationboard.Tolessenthestrainonheatingandair-conditioningequipment,
buildersofskyscrapershavebeguntousedouble-glazedpanelsofglass,andreflective
glassescoatedwithsilverorgoldmirrorfilmsthatreduceglareaswellasheatgain.
However,mirror-walledskyscrapersraisethetemperatureofthesurroundingairand
affectneighboringbuildings.
Skyscrapersputaseverestrainonacity’ssanitationfacilities,too.Iffullyoccupied,the
twoWorldTradeCentertowersinNewYorkCitywouldalonegenerate2.25million
gallonsofrawsewageeachyear-asmuchasacitythesizeofStanford,Connecticut,
whichhasapopulationofmorethan109,000.
14ARareFossilRecord
Thepreservationofembryosandjuvenilesisarateoccurrenceinthefossilrecord.The
tiny,delicateskeletonsareusuallyscatteredbyscavengersordestroyedbyweathering
beforetheycanbefossilized.Ichthyosaurshadahigherchanceofbeingpreservedthan
didterrestrialcreaturesbecause,asmarineanimals,theytendedtoliveinenvironments
lesssubjecttoerosion.Still,theirfossilizationrequiredasuiteoffactors:
aslowrateof
decayofsofttissues,littlescavengingbyotheranimals,alackofswiftcurrentsandwaves
tojumbleandcarryawaysmallbones,andfairlyrapidburial.Giventhesefactors,some
areashavebecomeatreasuryofwell-preservedichthyosaurfossils.
ThedepositsatHolzmaden,Germany,presentaninterestingcaseforanalysis.The
ichthyosaurremainsarefoundinblack,bituminousmarineshalesdepositedabout190
millionyearsago.Overtheyears,thousandsofspecimensofmarinereptiles,fishand
invertebrateshavebeenrecoveredfromtheserocks.Thequalityofpreservationis
outstanding,butwhatisevenmoreimpressiveisthenumberofichthyosaurfossils
containingpreservedembryos.Ichthyosaurswithembryoshavebeenreportedfrom6
differentlevelsoftheshaleinasmallareaaroundHolzmaden,suggestingthataspecific
sitewasusedbylargenumbersofichthyosaursrepeatedlyovertime.Theembryosare
quiteadvancedintheirphysicaldevelopment;theirpaddles,forexample,arealreadywell
formed.Onespecimenisevenpreservedinthebirthcanal.Inaddition,theshalecontains
theremainsofmanynewbornsthatarebetween20and30incheslong.
WhyaretheresomanypregnantfemalesandyoungatHolzmadenwhentheyaresorare
elsewhere?
Thequalityofpreservationisalmostunmatchedandquarryoperationshave
beencarriedoutcarefullywithanawarenessofthevalueofthefossils.Butthesefactors
donotaccountfortheinterestingquestionofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentration
ofpregnantichthyosaursinaparticularplaceveryclosetotheirtimeofgivingbirth.
15TheNobelAcademy
Forthelast82years,Sweden’sNobelAcademyhasdecidedwhowillreceivetheNobel
PrizeinLiterature,therebydeterminingwhowillbeelevatedfromthegreatandthenear
greattotheimmortal.ButtodaytheAcademyiscomingunderheavycriticismbothfrom
thewithoutandfromwithin.Criticscontendthattheselectionofthewinnersoftenhasless
todowithtruewritingabilitythanwiththepeculiarinternalpoliticsoftheAcademyandof
Swedenitself.AccordingtoIngmarBjorksten,theculturaleditorforoneofthecountry’s
twomajornewspapers,theprizecontinuestorepresent"whatpeoplecallaverySwedish
exercise:
reflectingSwedishtastes."
TheAcademyhasdefendeditselfagainstsuchchargesofprovincialisminitsselectionby
assertingthatitsphysicaldistancefromthegreatliterarycapitalsoftheworldactually
servestoprotecttheAcademyfromoutsideinfluences.Thismaywellbetrue,butcritics
respondthatthisverydistancemayalsoberesponsiblefortheAcademy’sinabilityto
perceiveaccuratelyauthentictrendsintheliteraryworld.
Regardlessofconcernsovertheselectionprocess,however,itseemsthattheprizewill
continuetosurvivebothasanindicatoroftheliteraturethatwemosthighlypraise,andas
anelusivegoalthatwritersseek.Iffornootherreason,theprizewillcontinuetobe
desirableforthefinancialrewardsthataccompanyit;notonlyisthecashprizeitself
considerable,butitalsodramaticallyincreasessalesofanauthor’sbooks.
16.thewarbetweenBritainandFrance
Inthelateeighteenthcentury,battlesragedinalmosteverycornerofEurope,aswellasin
theMiddleEast,SouthAfrica,theWestIndies,andLatinAmerica.Inreality,however,
therewasonlyonemajorwarduringthistime,thewarbetweenBritainandFrance.All
otherbattleswereancillarytothislargerconflict,andwereoftenatleastpartiallyrelatedto
itsantagonist’goalsandstrategies.FrancesoughttotaldominationofEurope.Thisgoal
wasobstructedbyBritishindependenceandBritain’seffortsthroughoutthecontinentto
thwartNapoleon;throughtreaties.Britainbuiltcoalitions(notdissimilarinconceptto
today’sNATO)guaranteeingBritishparticipationinallmajorEuropeanconflicts.These
twoantagonistswerepoorlymatched,insofarastheyhadveryunequalstrengths;France
waspredominantonland,Britainatsea.TheFrenchknewthat,shortofdefeatingthe
Britishnavy,theironlyhopeofvictorywastoclosealltheportsofEuropetoBritishships.
Accordingly,FrancesetouttoovercomeBritainbyextendingitsmilitarydominationfrom
MoscowtLisbon,
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